Patho-Final Review

Front 1

What are the five types of lipoproteins?

Back 1

Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL,HDL

Front 2

HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting step for?

Back 2

Cholesterol synthesis

Front 3

TC is composed of?

Back 3

LDL, HDL, TG

Front 4

How do u calculate LDL?

Back 4

LDL= TC-(TG/5) + HDL)

Front 5

How do u calculate TC?

Back 5

HDL +LDL+(TG/5)

Front 6

What is endometriosis?

Back 6

Chronic recurring disease wherein there is a presence of endometrial tissue located outside the uterine cavity; most commonly in the peritoneal cavity.

Front 7

In the early-phase of asthma what is the final result?

Back 7

Bronchoconstriction

Front 8

In the late-phase response what is the final result?

Back 8

Hyperresponsiveness

Front 9

What is a key player in mast cells, macrophages and eosinophils?

Back 9

Leukotrines

Front 10

In the Spirometry when does airflow obstruction occur?

Back 10

dec FEV1 and FEV1/FVC

Front 11

What is emphysema?

Back 11

loss of elasticity, inc:TLC(total lung capacity), dec:a1-antitrypsin.

Front 12

What are two types of emphysema?

Back 12

Centriacinar-bronchioles
Panacinar-aleveoli

Front 13

What is chronic bronchitis?

Back 13

Edema, excess mucus excretion, purulent sputum

Front 14

Clinical Manif of COPD

Back 14

marked dyspnea, barrel chest, pursed lips, pink puffers, cor pulmonale, blue bloaters

Front 15

Lab tests for COPD

Back 15

polycythemia, arterial blood gases and hemoglobin saturation

Front 16

What are the two types of allergens in Allergic rhinitis?

Back 16

Seasonal:tree, grass, weed, pollens

Perennial: house dust mite, mold, animal dander

Front 17

What are the two surface antigens in type A influenza?

Back 17

Hemagglutinin(H)
Neuraaminidase(N)

Front 18

What is the intermediate host in influenza A?

Back 18

Pig

Front 19

What are the three types of infections for influenza?

Back 19

uncomplicated rhinotrachtis
viral pneumonia(lethal)
Respiratory viral infection followed by bacterial infection

Front 20

Routes of infectino for pneumonia

Back 20

Inhalation, Aspiration, direct spread, hematogenous

Front 21

Types of pnemonia

Back 21

CAP-patients not hospitalized for 14 days before
HAP- 48hrs after admission
HCAP-nursing home or LTC

Front 22

Microbiology of CAP & HAP

Back 22

CAP:Steptococcus, Gram positive cocci
HAP: Staph aureus(klebsiella pnueumonia)-most common

Front 23

Clinical present and Lab finding for pneumonia

Back 23

Pleuritic chest pain, Tachycardia, tachypnea

Blood cultures, urine antigen test, rapid influenza test, inc WBCs

Front 24

How do u calculate CC?

Back 24

Cockcroft-Gault
(CrCl=140-age * Ideal Body Weight/SCr*72) *0.85(female)

Ideal body weight: females=45.5+(2.3 * inch over 60) males 50 +(same)

Front 25

Prerenal vs ATN

Back 25

prerenal: urine sodium<20, FENa<1%, Urine osmolality>400
ATN: urine sodium>30, FENa>1%Urine osmolality <350

Front 26

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 26

ph<7.35, PaCo2>45, HCO3 normal PaO2 <80

Front 27

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 27

ph>7.45 PaC02<35

Front 28

Uncomplicated vs complicated UTS

Back 28

Uncomplicated: monomicrobial, females of child bearing age
Complicated:Polymicrobal, nosocomial infection, pregnancy

Front 29

Reinfection vs relapse

Back 29

reinfection-caused by a diff organsim
relapse-caused by the same initial organism

Front 30

Etiology of uncomplicated and complicated uti

Back 30

uncomplicated:E.coli(75-90%)
complicated: enteroccocus(25%) candida albicans(20-30%)

Front 31

What route is most common in uti?

Back 31

Ascending

Front 32

UTI clincal manifestations

Back 32

Lower tract infections:dysuria, frequent, urgency, nocturia, hematuria
Upper tract:CVA, flank pain, abdominal pain, fever, chills, N/V

Front 33

Urine Dipstick

Back 33

Bacteria, Nitrate positive, WBCs 10-15, red/orange urine

Front 34

What does Chlamydia present with?

Back 34

inc:urinary frequency, dysuria, PID

Front 35

Gonorrhea

Back 35

pelvic pain, purulent urethral discharge, peterchial skin lesions, meningitis

Front 36

Syphillis

Back 36

Primary:incubation 21 days(highly contagious
Secondary: 2-8 wks(highly cont)
Latent:early-4-10wks, late (not cont) 10-20yrs
Teriary:10-20yrs

Front 37

Trichomoniasis

Back 37

frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge

Front 38

Genital Herpes

Back 38

HSV-1 or HSV-2

Front 39

Determinants of Bp

Back 39

BP=CO x TPR
CO= SV x HR

Front 40

Symphathetic neuronal mechansims

Back 40

B1 receptors in heart=inc HR
B2 receptors=vasodilation
a1 receptors=vasoconstriction

Front 41

Negative and positive feedback loops

Back 41

Presynaptic a1=inhibits norepinephrine
presynaaptic B=facilitates norepinephrine

Front 42

Treatment for Dyslipidemia

Back 42

Long term goal:prevent CVD
primary goal: LDL exception TG>500
Secondary:non-HDL
Tertiary:raise HDL

Front 43

Metabolic syndrome

Back 43

3 out 5
Waist >40 for men, >35 for women, TG >150, HDL<40 for men, women <50
BP >130/85
FBG>100

Front 44

Reversibe causes of urinary incontinence

Back 44

D-Delirum
I-infection
A-atrophic vaginitis
P-pharmaceuticals
P-psychological disorders
E-endocrine disorders
R-restricted mobility
S-stool impaction

Front 45

Stress incontinence

Back 45

Coughing,laughing, sneezing

Front 46

Urge

Back 46

loss urine due to urgency, large amounts
Overactive bladder-urgency, frequency, dysuria, nocturia

Front 47

Overflow

Back 47

Involuntary loss of urine when the intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure(BPH)

Front 48

Functional

Back 48

inablitiy to get to the bathroom or the lack of awareness of needing to void
Due to: dementia, oversedating medications, physical immobility

Front 49

Mixed

Back 49

combination of any most common:urge/stress

Front 50

Diagnosis of UI

Back 50

Symptoms, voiding diary, drug history, PVR

Front 51

What is responsible for growth of prostate?

Back 51

DHT

Front 52

Static vs dynamic factors

Back 52

Static-anatomic enlargement of prostate blocks bladder neck
Dynmaic-excessive a-adrenergic

Front 53

Complications of BPH

Back 53

UTI, hypertrophy of bladder wall

Front 54

Diagnosis of BPH

Back 54

Symptoms, <7 mild bph 8-20 moderate, >20 severe
DRE, rate or urine flow:>14ml/min(normal)
<10ml/min(obstructive)

Front 55

What does penile erection release?

Back 55

Nitric oxide

Front 56

Organic causes of ED

Back 56

neurogenic, hormonal, vascular(HTN, Hyperlipidemia,Cigarette smoking, DM)

Front 57

Anemias with inadequate production of RBCs

Back 57

Iron-def, megaloblastic:B12 & Folic acid def, Aplastic(bone marrow)Anemia of Chronic disease

Front 58

Anemias with increased destrucition of RBCs

Back 58

Sickle cell, Thalassemias(a,b), G6PD, acquired hemolytic anemias

Front 59

Iron-deficiency anemia

Back 59

Inadequate dietary intake
Dec absorption
Inc demands.
Lab findings:microcytoic, hypochromic

Front 60

B12 and Folic def

Back 60

B12-Neurologic changes, smooth, red tongue, inc homocysteine Lab findings macro, normo
Folic-no neurologic manif

Front 61

S & S of hemolytic anemia

Back 61

Hyperbillirubinemia:Jaundice and Gallstones

Front 62

Sickle Cell anemia

Back 62

Point mutation in the B chain, recessive, after 4 months of age

Front 63

Complications of Sicke cell

Back 63

ACS, Hand-foot syndrome, Delayed growth, splenic injury, infections,neurolgic complications, Hyperbilli,retina damage, priapism, leg ulcers

Front 64

a & b thalassemia

Back 64

alpha:located on chrom 16, gene deletion
beta:located on chrom 11, point mutation Lab findings:Heinz bodies

Front 65

Complications of B thalassemia

Back 65

Iron overload, osteoporosis

Front 66

G6PD

Back 66

chrm X, >400 mutations, infection, exposure to oxidative meds, fava beans,drugs to avoid(Sulfamethoxazole) Lab:Heinz bodies

Front 67

Which receptors respond rapidly to changes in arterial pressure?

Back 67

Baroreceptors