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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is essential nutrients for growth?
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Vit B , C, Protein
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What is an increase in the number of cells called?
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Hyperplasia
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Is Necrosis irreversible?
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Yes
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Where would you find "coagulative"
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Skin
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Where would you find "liquefactive"
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Brain
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Where would you find "fat" necrosis?
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Liver and Pancreas
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Where would you find "caseous" necrosis
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With TB
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What does Caseous necrosis resemble?
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Cottage cheese
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Which mortis progresses from head to toe and is only temporary?
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Rigor
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Which mortis is a discoloration in color and what color is it:?
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Livor, Purple
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Where would you find "fat" necrosis?
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Liver and Pancreas
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Where would you find "caseous" necrosis
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With TB
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What does Caseous necrosis resemble?
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Cottage cheese
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Which mortis progresses from head to toe and is only temporary?
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Rigor
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Which mortis is a discoloration in color and what color is it:?
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Livor, Purple
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Which Mortis has a decrease in body temperature and the onset is within minutes? Associasted with brain dead?
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Algor
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What is the first line of defense?
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Skin and mucous
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What does your skin produce?
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Peptides
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Second line of defense is what?
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Phagocytosis
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Name two major lymph organs
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Liver and spleen
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WBC are AKA
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Leukocytes
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Leukocytes are produced where?
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Bone marrow
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what is the term to describe an insufficient supply of netrophils?
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Leukopenia
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A lot of baby white blood cells is AKA
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A shift to the left
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A pt with an infection will have what type of change in neutrophils?
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Increase
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Enlargement of the spleen?
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Spleenomegaly
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Enlargement of the liver?
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Hepatomegaly
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What is the difference b/w reversible and irreversible?
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Reversible has the capability to going back to its original state unlike irreversible.
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Hypoxia-
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little amount of oxygen
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Anoxia
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Lack of oxygen
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Toxins are poisions which come from what?
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lead, drugs (like for cancer)
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What will happen to the cells when you have a build up of toxins?
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cells destroy
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What do cells always need?
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Oxygen and nutrients
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Atropy
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cells get smaller and shrink
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What causes muscle atropy?
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lack of use, repeated injury, nutritional def.
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Is atropy reversible?
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Yes
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Hypertrophy
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cells grow larger
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What can cause Hypertrophy
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steroids, overuse of a muscle
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Main difference b/w metaplasia and dysplasia?
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Dys is cancerous.
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What is the name of the term in which cells are replacing normal cells and they looks like the are they are embeded in?
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Metaplasia
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Cells that look different from surrounding cells are called?
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Dysplasia
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Recongnized at birth and is an ex. of dysplasia?
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Cafe o'le
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Etiology of irreversible cell injury
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injury, hypoxia, distruction
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What are the 3 types of Gangrene?
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Gas, Dry, Wet
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Label the Gangrene
-cold and black tissue -no bacteria -dries out and sloughs off |
Dry
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What is the main cause of Dry gangrene?
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Poor circulation
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Label the Gangrene
-painful -smelly -blisters -INFECTION |
Wet
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Label the Gangrene
-Clostridial and Myonecrosis -Moderate to high temp. elevation -mod to severe pain 0 -Fatal |
Gas
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What is "programmed cellular death" due to like a menstrual period called?
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Apoptosis
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Which two gangrenes have bacteria?
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Wet and Gas
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What is death of the entire cell where all the organs don't work called?
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Somatic Death
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Where do you want K to remain?
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within the cell
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FVE or FVD
---Weight Loss--- |
FVD
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FVE or FVD
---Weight Gain--- |
FVE
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FVE or FVD
---Oliguria--- |
FVD
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FVE or FVD
---Bounding pulse-- |
FVE
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FVE or FVD
---Skin tinting--- |
FVD
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FVE or FVD
---Neck vein distention--- |
FVE
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FVE or FVD
---orthopnea--- |
FVE
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How do you recognize Dehydration ? Clinical Manifestations?
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weight loss, hypotension, oliguria, no sweat or tears, confusion, coma, shock
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Mild dehydration is __%
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2
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Moderate Dehydration is __%
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5
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Severe Dehydration is __%
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8
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Clinical manifestations of Mild dehydration?
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dry mouth, skin tinting, rapid pulse
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Clinical manifestations of moderate dehydration
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weak to thready pulse, sticky mouth, decrease BP, oliguria
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Clinical manifestations of severe dehydration?
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thready pulse, anuria
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What position does a patient need to be in to check their JVD?
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30 or higher (fowler)
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What three electrolytes deal with cardiac function?
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Na, Ca, Mg
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Low T wave?
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low K
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High T Wave?
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High K
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what FE imbalance will you see troussoe and chovostek sign?
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Hypocalcemia
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Calcium deficit is due to
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trauma, increase insulin, laxative abuse
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what FE imbalance will you see siezures? (its 2 diff. ones)
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Hyponatremia, Hypomagnesia
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Which eletrolye imbalance has etiology of alcohol abuse or laxative abuse
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Magnesium
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A condition in which fluid and solutes shift to the peritoneal space and causes a decrease in vascular fluid volume is known as:
a hemorrhage. b sweating. c ascites. d ketoacidosis. |
C
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Isotonic dehydration means that fluid and electrolyte loss is:
a. approximately equal. b. likely to have more sodium retained. c. rapid and irreversible. d. larger loss of solutes than fluid. |
a
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With marked and severe dehydration the hematocrit, hemoglobin and BUN will appear:
High or Low |
High
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To determine the percentage of fluid deficit divide the amount of weight loss by the:
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Normal weight
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Eosinophils deals with?
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Allergic reactions and parasitic infections
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Basophils deals with?
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inflammation
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Monocytes deals with?
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phagocytosis and stimulating the growth of new granulation tissue
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What is unique about "natural killer" cells?
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They will fight off without having to be exposed and are not specific for a particular antigen
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Name two different Lymphocytes?
Where are they produced? What do they secrete? |
T and B
T cells go to the Thymus Cytokins |
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Eosinophils deals with?
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Allergic reactions and parasitic infections
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Basophils deals with?
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inflammation
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Monocytes deals with?
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phagocytosis and stimulating the growth of new granulation tissue
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What is unique about "natural killer" cells?
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They will fight off without having to be exposed and are not specific for a particular antigen
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Name two different Lymphocytes?
Where are they produced? What do they secrete? |
T and B
T cells go to the Thymus Cytokins |
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What is the purpose of inflammatory response?
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Protect
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When you Vomit you are mainly losing which electrolyte
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Sodium
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When you have diaherrea you are mainly losing which eletrolyte
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Potassium
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Describe the process that happens after injury ?
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Vasoactive chemicals and chemokins--> vasodilation--> emigration of nuetrophils and machrophages into tissue --> Phagocytosis
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Describe the 4 physiologic changes associated with inflammation?
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Edema (swelling)
Pain (dolor) Heat (calor) Redness |
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The order of inflammation
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Tissue damage -->
release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors--> vasodilation, increased permeability, neutrophil emigration--> Pain, Heat,Redness, Swelling |
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The cardinal sign of acute inflammation result mainly from ?
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vasodilation and increased vascular permeablity
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Extensive scarring is noted with chronic inflammation. What has changed in the tissues?
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normal parenchyma is replaced with fibrous tissue.
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How is collagen produced?
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Fibroblast
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What is important in the process of tissue regeneration
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Production of collagen
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During reconstruction what is the key indicator that reconstruction is complete?
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Whitish COLOR or NATURAL color
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Hemoragic
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Blood like
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What is made up of dead WBC and shows infection.
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Pus exudate
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Humoral antibodies are developed by the __ lymphocytes
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B
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Cell-mediated antibodies are developed by the __ lymphocytes
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T
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T cells are transported to the
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Thymus Gland
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Active Immunity is
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transfered via plasma containing antibodies
-Maternal/fetal (IgG/IgA) -Direct injection (serotherapy) IgG, IgA, IgM |
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Acquired Active Immunity is
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Developed andtibodies in response to the presence of an antigen
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Ex. of Active immunity
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Vaccination, exposure to an infectious disease
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What is Autoimmunity
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"attacks" own cells and either intrinsic or extrinsic
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What is an example of Extrinsic autoimmunity?
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Lupus
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Type 1 Hypersinsitivity is known as ?
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Anaphylactic
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Type 1 Hyersensitivity has what Clinical manifestations
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Uticaria , Rhinitis, Eczema, mild breathing problems
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Type 2 hypersensitivy is known as ?
What does it involve? |
Cytotoxic
IgG and IgM |
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How can type 2(cytotoxic) occur
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blood transfusions reactions, autoimmune disorders, graft rejection
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Which blood type is the universal donor?
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O
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Type 3 hypersensitivity is known as?
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Immune Complex
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Type 3 hypersensitivity deals with what?
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Arthrus
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What is Arthrus
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Its a reaction to improperly administered vaccine or repeated exposure to vaccine
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Type 4 Hypersensitivity is known as:?
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Delayed response
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Examples of Type 4 Hypersensitivity are? Clinical manifestations
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TB reaction, Poison ivy ----red lesions within 48 hrs and urticaria
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Type B patient was given type A blood which response will be triggered
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Type 2
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Describe the chain of evens leading to infection
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1) resevoir
2) portal of exit (openings) 3) transportation (cough, touch) 4)portal of entry (skin) 5) Succeptable victim |
