Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which portion of the heart lies directly beneath the sternum?
|
Right ventricle
|
|
All the valves of the heart have 3 cusps except...
|
Mitral valve
|
|
The mitral valve is located...
|
between the left ventricle and left atrium
|
|
Pulmonary veins contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
|
Oxygenated blood
|
|
What is the structure located above the aortic valve containing orifices of the left and right arteries that drain there?
|
Sinuses of Valsalva
|
|
A patient is admitted that had a massive MI on the anterior wall of the left ventricle. What is the probable cause?
|
Coronary artery occluded is in the left anterior descending (LAD)
|
|
Are the valves open or closed in the isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles?
|
Closed
|
|
What happens primarily during diastole?
|
Coronary perfusion
|
|
What is automaticity?
|
The ability to generate impulses spontaneously
|
|
What is conductivity?
|
Ability to transmit impulses
|
|
What is excitability?
|
Ability to respond to a stimulus
|
|
What is rhythmicity?
|
ability to keep regularity of impulses
|
|
Why is there a .08-.1 second delay of conduction in the AV node?
|
Because the ventricles are filling during this time
|
|
An EKG strip shows you...
|
electrical activity of the heart
|
|
If someone develops atherosclerosis, the earliest pathological change is...
|
Fatty streaks
|
|
What is protective cholesterol?
|
HDL
|
|
Formula for cardiac output?
|
CO=HRXstroke volume
|
|
Starlings law of the heart, stretching of myocardial tissue...increases force of contraction during...
|
Systole (relaxes during diastole)
|
|
Mean arterial pressure formula
|
systolic + (2Xdiastolic) all divided by 3
|
|
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure will read _______ if a patient with left ventricular heart failure
|
High
|
|
HTN in an adult is defined as BP greater than ...
|
140/90
|
|
PND (Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) is a symptom of...
|
CHF (left side)
|
|
Normal QRS interval
|
.06-.10 seconds
|
|
Normal rate for the SA node?
|
60-100
|
|
Normal rate for the AV node?
|
40-60
|
|
A deep Q wave on an EKG indicates...
|
and old MI
|
|
Tenting of T waves of an EKG indicates...
|
Hyperkalemia
|
|
A prolonged PR interval indicates...
|
Slow conduction through the AV node
|
|
Elevation of the ST segment indicates...
|
An MI is happening right now (fresh MI)
|
|
A depressed ST segment indicates...
|
injury (ischemia)
|
|
Ventricular function curve of a failing heart looks?
|
Depressed/flattened
|
|
Rales are a sign of
|
Left ventricular failure
|
|
Peripheral dependent edema is a sing of
|
right ventricular failure
|
|
Pulmonary edema is a sign of
|
left ventricular failure
|
|
S3 heart sounds are a sign of
|
left ventricular failure
|
|
JVD is a sign of
|
right ventricular failure
|
|
Ascites/hepatomegaly is a sign of
|
Right ventricular failure
|
|
What is the effect of placing a patient on digitalis for a positive inotropic effect?
|
Increased contractility of the heart
|
|
Why would a CHF patient be put on salt and water restrictions...
|
to reduce edema and preload on the heart
|
|
What is the color of sputum of pneumococcal pneumonia?
|
Rust
|
|
What is it called when pleural fluid collects in the pleural space?
|
Pleural effusion
|
|
What is involved in tension pneumothorax?
|
Air is entering the lung and collects (it doesn't escape)
|
|
Signs of cyanosis...
|
Blue...not a reliable sign of hypoxia...depends on how much Hb a patient has
|
|
Clinical signs of a hypoxic patient...
|
restless, apprehension, headache, tachycardia, fear, flared nostrils
|
|
What part of blood gases is going to be best indicator of alveolar ventilatory adequacy?
|
PaCO2
|
|
Absorption atelectasis in post op patient is prevented by...
|
NPO, cough and deep breathing, providing collateral circulation in the pores of Kohn
|
|
Conditions putting people at high risk for pulmonary emboli?
|
History of DVT, hip surgery, immobillity, age, obesity, malignant neoplasms, CHF
|
|
Classic S & S with moderate sized pulmonary embolism
|
dyspnea, tachycardia, anxiety, tachypnea, loss of consciousness (if really severe)
|
|
PND and CHF is due to an _____ hydrostatic pressure
|
Increase
|
|
HTN is a pre rec. for _____ to exist?
|
Cor pulmonale
|
|
What is the best definition of acute respiratory failure?
|
Not being able to maintain normal ABGs under resting conditions
|
|
In acute respiratory failure, what is the terminology for oxygen content in the blood?
|
Hypoxemia
|
|
In acute respiratory failure, what is the terminology for the CO2 levels?
|
Hypercapnia
|
|
ABG for O2 failure?
|
PaO2 less than 50 and PaCO2 can be normal
|
|
ABG for ventillatory failure?
|
PaO2 less than 50 and PaCO2 greater than 50
|
|
Treatment for respiratory failure?
|
Make sure hypoxemia, hypercapnia and acidosis do not reach hazardous levels
|
|
Patient with hypoxemia and hypercapnia. If this were a COPD patient the treatment would include?
|
Low flow of O2 via ventia mask for irregular rate (dont want to use nasal cannula unless they have a regular rate)
|
|
Tissue hypoxia (decreased perfusion) is caused by _____ if O2 is normal
|
low cardiac output, hemoglobin, vasoconstriction, and oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (shifted to left)
|
|
Most important cause of lung cancer..
|
chain smoking
|
|
S & S of lung cancer
|
coughing, SOB, bloody sputum (hemoptosis), clubbing, pneumonia
|
|
Intrinsic rate of impulse generation of Perkinje cells
|
20-40
|
|
Phase 4 of action potential of cardiac cell
|
Resting Phase: inside of cell negative with respect to outside. More permeable to K+
|
|
Phase 0 of action potential of cardiac cell
|
Rapid depolarization: increase permeability to Na+. Action potential generated with rush of sodium. Membrane potential is positive.
|
|
Phase 1 of action potential of cardiac cell
|
Partial repolarization: caused by abrupt inactivation of fast Na+ channels. Inside of cell becomes slightly less positive.
|
|
Phase 2 of action potential of cardiac cell
|
Sustained plateau: slow inward flow of Ca++. Balance between flow of K+ and Na+. Corresponds to the absolute refractory period.
|
|
Phase 3 of action potential of cardiac cell
|
Rapid Repolarization: increased permeability of CM to K+. K+ moves out of cell. Resting potential restored by further action of Na-K pump.
|
|
Order of A.P. phases
|
4, 0, 1, 2, 3
|
|
Normal PR interval
|
.12-.20 seconds
|
|
Normal QT interval
|
depends on HR (< .44)
|
|
According to the revised Jones criteria, manifestations of rheumatic fever include...
|
2 major signs OR 1 major and 2 minor signs. Major signs: carditis, migratory polyarthritis, sydenham's chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum. Minor: fever, arthraigia, increased ESR, increased CRP, prolonged PR interval.
|
|
Increased cardiac volume work is a characteristic of regurgitation or stenosis?
|
Regurgitation
|
|
Resistance to forward flow is a characteristic of regurgitation or stenosis?
|
Stenosis
|
|
Muscle hypertrophy is a characteristic of regurgitation or stenosis?
|
Stenosis
|
|
Chamber dilation is a characteristic of regurgitation or stenosis?
|
Regurgitation?
|
|
In cardiomyopathy, is there SEVERE hypertrophy?
|
No no no no noooooooooo!!!
|
|
What is cor pulmonale?
|
Right ventricular hypertrophy
|
|
Gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism?
|
Angiogram
|
|
300 Rule
|
Count the # of big boxes between 2 R waves. 1 big box=300, 2 big boxes=150, 3 big boxes=100 etc. (1 big box=.2 sec; 300=60sec) pg. 18 in notes
|
|
Sinus bradycardia
|
HR under 60 bpm. Results in lightheadedness, syncope, dizziness, hypotension and vertigo. Rx: IV atropine or pacemaker only if pt has Sx
|
|
Atrial fibrillation
|
Atrial rate: 350-600. Ventricular rate: 100-180. irregular, no P wave Pg. 22. Rx. Restore NS or decrease ventricular response, synchronized cardioversion; digoxin,, verapamil or propanolol; prevent stroke; anticoagulant
|
|
PVC
|
Premature ventricular contraction: may be a compensatory pause after each PVC. may have an inverted QRS wave. Rx: some do not need to be treated. If >5/min, multifocal, bigeminy, fall on T wave, associated with acute MI are all dangerous.
|
|
V-tach
|
4 or more PVCs in a row. usually rapid rate (140-400) ventricles are directly stimulated by an ectopic ventricular focus firing repeatedly or through a re-entry process. Wide and bizzare QRS. Rx: may turn into V-fib
|