Patho Exam 3 Diseases/disorders

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-a condition of excessive production and release of ADH despite changes in serum osmolarity and blood volume.

-promotes water retention by increasing the permeability of the nephrons in the kidneys.

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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

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a condition of insufficient ADH that results in the inability of the body to concentrate or retain water.

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Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

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-Insufficient production of ADH by the hypothalamus or ineffective secretion by the posterior pituitary.

-Inadequate kidney response to the presence of ADH, also called nephrogenic DI

-Ingestion of extremely large volumes of fluids and decreasing ADH levels; water intoxication can sometimes be attributed to a psychiatric disturbance.

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3 Major Causes of DI

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A state of excessive thyroid hormone. Can result from excessive stimulation to the thyroid gland, diseases of the thyroid gland, or excess production of TSH by a pituitary adenoma.

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Hyperthyroidism

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An excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and is the most common autoimmune condition in the US. IgG antibodies bind to the TSH receptor on thyrocytes (thyroid cells) and stimulate excessive thyroid hormone secretion, causing a state of thyrotoxicosis.

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Graves Disease

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A state of deficient thyroid hormone. Can be congenital or acquired. Occurs during fetal development and results in a lack of thyroid gland development, a lack of appropriate synthesis of thyroid hormone, or problems with TSH secretion.

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Hypothyroidism

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A condition of excess glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal cortex.

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Cushing Syndrome

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1.Long-term administration of corticosteroid medications (such as prednisone)
2. Tumors of the pituitary gland that stimulate excess ACTH production.
3.Tumors of the adrenal gland that stimulate excess cortisol production.
4.Ectopic production of ACTH or CRH from a tumor at a distant site, such as small cell carcinoma of the lung.

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4 Major Processes that can lead to Cushing Syndrome

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One of the most serious endocrine disorders because it can lead to severe hypotension, shock, and death. Adrenal cortical insufficiency can result from lack of CRH and ACTH, or lack of secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

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Addison Disease

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The result of a sexually transmitted infection of the reproductive tract. The most frequent cause is a combination of sexually transmitted microorganisms including Chlamydia and Gonorrhoeae.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

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A condition of excess androgen production from the ovaries and occurs in about three-quarters of women with anovulatory infertility.

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

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-Epithelial Tumors
-Germ Cell Tumors
-Sex Cord Tumors

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Classification of Ovarian Cancer is based on the tissue of origin and includes...

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I. Limited to one or both Ovaries.
II. Extends into pelvis
III. Metastases in peritoneum outside the pelvis.
IV. Distant Metastases

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I to IV Ovarian Cancer Scale

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The complete cessation of ovarian activity, is an expected biological stage marking the end of a woman's reproductive life.

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Menopause

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Premature ejaculation, and physical abnormalities of the penis. This is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.

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Erectile Dysfunction

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Enlargement of the prostate

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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

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The malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells.

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Prostate Cancer

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Germ cell tumors are classified according to cell origin and include the following:
-Seminomas- malignant germ cells that resemble primitive sperm cells.
-Nonseminomas- Malignant germ cells that do not resemble primitive sperm cells and actually appear as embryonic or undifferentiated somatic (ex: skin, muscle, glands, etc.) components.

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Testicular Cancer

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Inflammation of the lungs occuring commonly in the bronchioles, interstitial lung tissue, or the alveoli

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Pneumonia

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An infectious disease caused by an aerobic, rod-shaped bacerium called M. Tuberculosis. The primary site is the lungs, although it can infect any organ in the body.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

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An irrevisible enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles, most notably in the alveoli, resulting in destruction of the alveolar walls and obstruction of airflow.

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Emphysema

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Defined by the presence of a persistent, productive cough with excessive mucus production that lasts for 3 months or longer for two or more consective years.

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Chronic Bronchitis

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A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that results in intermittent or persistent airway obstruction because of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and excess mucous production. the development often occurs in childhood, but the condition can emerge at any point in the lifespan.

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Asthma

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An autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and subsequently water transport that affects certain epithelial cells, such as those lining respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.

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Cystic FIbrosis (CF)

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A condition of severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload or impaired cardiac function.

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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A progressive cardiovascular syndrome detected by an elevation in blood pressure.

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Hypertension

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A condition of circulatory failure and impaired perfusion of vital organs.

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Shock

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The total occlusion of one or more coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and death of myocardial tissues

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Myocardial Infarction

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Reflects an inadequacy of heart pumping, so that the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood.

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Heart Failure

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Any clinical event, such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, that leads to the impairment of cerebral circulation.

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Stroke.

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A condition of uncontrolled activation of clotting factors that results in widespread thrombi formation, followed by depletion of coagulation factors and platelets leadign to massive hemorrhage.

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)