• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/30

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the normal lab values?

-pH
-CO2
-HCO3
-O2
-ph: 7.35-7.45 (<7.35=acidosis, >7.45=alkalosis)

-CO2: 35-45 mm/Hg

-HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L

-O2: 80-100 mm/Hg
Acid

Acidosis
-substances that release H+ ions

-increase in H+ or decrease in HCO3
What is an acidosis?
An acidosis is the result of any process in which acids accumulate (or base is lost) in greater than normal amounts
Base

Alkalosis
-substances that accept H+ ions

-decrease in H+ or increase in HCO3
What is an alkalosis?
An alkalosis is the result of any process that, by itself, increases base or in which acid is lost in greater than normal amounts
Normal pH level
-normal pH= 7.35-7.45

*7.35-7.4=normal, slightly acidic
*7.4-7.45=normal, slightly alkaline
What are buffer systems?
-they want to keep pH in the normal range (7.35-7.45)
-chemicals that react to minimize pH changes
-absorb excessive acid or base
-CO2 is a ____ cause

-HCO3 is a _____ cause
-CO2=respiratory cause

-HCO3=metabolic cause
Carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffering system

-CO2 and H2O <--> H2CO3 <-->H+ and HCO3
-too much acid?
-too much base?
-too much acid: H+ and HCO3. Forms CO2 that you breath out

-too much base: H2CO3-->H+ and HCO3 (lowers pH)
-Renal regulation (kidneys) takes how long?
-what levels does it involve?
-Takes hours or days
-HCO3 value and H levels
Renal regulation
-acidosis

-alkalosis
-acidosis: pH= 7.35 or lower. in acidosis (increase in H+), kidneys release H+ and conserves HCO3 and K+ (will make it more basic). *HCO3 binds to H+ to decrease it

-alkalosis: In alkalosis (decrease in H+), kidneys conserve H+ and secrete HCO3 and K+. *loss of HCO3 frees H+ and H+ increases
What do the kidneys do?
Gets rid of H or HCO3
Lung regulation
-how long does it take?
Works rapidly--within minutes!

-lower CO2=pH increase (basic)
-higher COs=pH decreases (acidic)--> increase respirations to get rid of CO2--->pH increase
Lung regulation
-acidosis
-alkalosis
-lung acidosis: slower breathing retains CO2 and produces acidosis (lower pH) ... hypoventilation-->increase respirations and blow off CO2

-lung alkalosis: hyperventilation-->faster breathing eliminates CO2 and produces alkalosis (lower CO2=pH increase (basic))-->decrease respirations to retain CO2
Trying to correct
-acidosis (lower pH)
-metabolic: excrete H+ (acid
-kidney: keep HCO3 (base)
-respirations/lungs: get rid of CO2 (acid) and increase respiratory rate
Trying to correct
-alkalosis (increase pH)
-metabolic: conserve H+ (acid)
-kidney: excrete HCO3 (base)
-respirations/lungs: keep CO2 (acid) and decrease respiratory rate
Respiratory acidosis
-definition
-CO2 value
-pH level
-causes
-definition: failure to remove CO2 (keep CO2 in)
-CO2 > 45 mmHg
-pH < 7.35
-causes: hypoventilation (RR<12). Acute acidosis: CNS depression (narcotic overdose), respiratory depression, sleep apnea. Decreased surface area of lung and airway obstruction. Chronic acidosis: COPD
What are the clinical manifestations for respiratory acidosis?
-mild acidosis: dyspnea, tachycardia (due to hypoventilation), drowsy, increased CO2 levels, decreased O2 levels
-severe acidosis: severe hypoxemia, flushed skin, increased serum K+ (H in cell, K our of cell)
-chronic acidosis: chronic low grade headache, increased HCO3 (compensation) *COPD
Respiratory acidosis summary
-pH= 7.35 or lower
-CO2= > 45
-main cause=hypoventilation
Respiratory alkalosis summary
-pH=7.45 or above
-CO2= <35
-main cause: hyperventilation (
Patho of respiratory acidosis
-CO2 retained, decreased elimination of CO2
-increased H+ in serum= high CO2 and low pH
-increase RR + depth, lower CO2 retentaion
-compensatory mech: retain HCO3, H+ excreted in kidneys, H+ moves in cell, K+ moves out of cell
Respiratory alkalosis
-definition
-CO2 level
-pH
-causes
-definition: failure to retain CO2
-CO2 < 35 mmHg
-pH > 7.45
-causes: hyperventilation (RR > 20) due to exercise, pain, anxiety. TMI, high altitudes, excessiv mechanical ventilation (set RR too high on a ventilator)
What are the clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis?
-rapid shallow respirations (panting)
-lightheaded, dizzy, vertigo
-peripheral/circumoral numbness, tingling
-muscle spams
-cardiac rhythm disturbances due to low serum K+
-K is in cells, not the blood

**lower RR, keep H, get rid of HCO3
Patho of respiratory alkalosis
-CO2 "blown" off, increased elimination of CO2
-lower H in serum=higher pH, lower CO2
-compensatory mech: lower RR and depth
-high H reabsorption and HCO3 excretion through kidneys. H moves extra (into blood), K moves intra (into cell)
Metabolic acidosis
-definition
-HCO3 level
-pH level
-causes
-definition: loss of base or increase in acid
-HCO3 < 22 mEq/L
-pH < 7.35
-causes: loss of base (diarrhea), gain in acids (starvation, renal failure), ASA overdose (lactic acidosis)
Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis.
-headache
-disorientation to stupor
-seizures
-cardiac arrhythmias due to increased K, K responsible for electrical conduction
-Kussmaul's respirations: acute situation (diabetic-->fruity breath)--->RR greater than 20, increased depth (like when you run)
Patho of metabolic acidosis
-gain in H and loss of HCO3, capacity of kidney
-lower pH and lower HCO3
-compensatory mech: H moves intracellular, K moves extracellular
-increase in RR and depth, CO2 excretion (respiratory center is stimulated), H excreted through kidneys, HCO3 retained
Metabolic alkalosis
-definition
-HCO3 level
-pH
-causes
-definition: increase in base of loss of acid
-HCO3 > 26 mEq/L
-pH > 7.45
-causes: loss of acid (H) due to gastric suctioning, vomiting (stomach contents are acidic), diuretic therapy (K deficit). Gain in base (ingestion of excess of sodium bicarb (increase antacid use)
Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
-gain in HCOs and loss of H
-increase in pH and increase in HCO3
-compensatory mech: H moves extra (into blood), K moves intra (into cell)
-lower RR + depth, CO2 retention
-HCO excreted through kidneys, H retained
Patho of metabolic alkalosis
-gain in HCO3 and loss of H
-increase pH and increase HCO3
-compensatory mech: H moves extra, K moves intra
-lower RR + depth, CO2 retention
-HCO excreted through kidneys, H retained