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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What occurs in Carnegie 7?
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Days 15-17
Gastrulation morphology is restructured by cell migration -Organogensis -Notochordal Process |
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What makes up the endoderm?
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-linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts and the development of some endocrine glands
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What occurs in the mesoderm?
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-muscles
-circulatory -excretory systems |
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The primitive pit and the notochordal canal take place in carnegie ___ on days ___ gestation
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8; 17-19
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What is the primitive pit?
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Where notochordal canal will develop for brainstem and nervous system
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What occurs in Carnegie stage 9?
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Days 19-21 gestations
-Neural folds -cardiac primordium -head fold |
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the neural folds fuse in carnegie ___ and ___ weeks gestation.
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10; 4
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In cargnies 11 and 12, what occurs?
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-rostral neurofold closes
-caudal neurofold closes |
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On day 20, carnegie 5, week 5, what 3 things occur?
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-leg buds
-lens placode -pharyngeal arches |
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the lens pit and the optic cup occur at cargnie __ days __ to __
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14; 31-35
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What occurs in carnegie 15 and 16 into 6 weeks of gestation?
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-lens vesicle
-nasal pit -hand plate -nasal pits move ventrally -auricular hillocks |
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The finger rays appear at ____
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cargenie 17; days 42-44
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ossification of the fetus occurs in carnegie ___; day ___ week ___
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18; 44; 7
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what occurs in carnegie 19?
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days 48-51
-trunk straightens -otic pit invaginates creating external auditory canal |
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what are the characteristics of Waardenburg's syndrome?
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-broad nasal root
-connection of brows -white forelock -heterozygous eye color -deafness |
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Waardenburg's syndrome is a result of the ___ gene
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PAX X3
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What disorder is autosomal dominant, involves craniosynostosis, possible increases in ICP and mild MR (0-20%)
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Crouzon's
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What are the characteristics of Apert's syndrome?
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Craniosynostosis and MR 20-30%
-flat midface, flad head, prominent forehead and low set ears rotated downward |
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what disorder is characterized by mandibular hypoplasia, micrognathia, glossoptosis, clefts palate, OM, and language delay?
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Pierre Robin Syndrome
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What is the inheritance pattern of Pierre Robin syndrome?
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auto recessive
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ToF: treacher collins syndrome is involved with MR?
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False: normal intelligence
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what is the inheritence pattern of treacher collins?
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auto dominant
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Describe the cahracteristics of treacher collins?
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-cleft palate
-failure of ears to develop -normal inner ear, but outer ear is fused and closed: deaf |
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Treacher collins occurs from a change in chromosome __ affecting facial development
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5
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__% of treacher collins has hearing loss
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40
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Describe Goldenhar syndrome
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-Macpostoma (Mouth is larger on one side)
-Hypoplasia of muscles of face -small misshapen ears -Language delays in 10% -Normal intelligence |
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What type of hearing loss occurs in idiopathic aural atresia?
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Bone conduction hearing loss
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What are characteristics of trisomy 21?
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Down's
-MR -Characteristic faceies -Hearing/Vision Problems -Cardiac Problems -Low set ears -frontal bossing -almond shaped eyes -palmar crease -macroglossia |
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What are the infections known to cause ENT defects?
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-CMV
-Rubella -Toxoplasmosis |
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What is the smallest muscle in the body?
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stapedius muscle
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ToF: young children often get sinus infections?
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false! they are not developed yet
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where does the vibration of sound travel after leaving the stapes?
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into the oval window of the middle ear to the cochlea to the neural tissue
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As sound travels through the ear is changes from a ___ sound to a ___ sound
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physical; electrical
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what is the job of the stapedius muscle?
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When loud sound is heard, the muscle contracts to prevent the stapes from hitting the cochlea
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Describe how the Eust tube is different in children?
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shorter, wider and straighter
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What is the name of the fluid producing cells in the ear?
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goblet cells
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Which cranial nerves are responsible for taste?
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9, 10, 11
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what is the cranial nerve responsible for facial sensation?
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5
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what is cranial nerve 7 responsible for?
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facial movement, tears, taste acoustic reflex
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what is cranial nerve 12 for?
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tongue movements
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what can branchial cysts do?
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they can become infected should be removed surgically
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What is a cystic hygroma?
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-Benign congenital mutiloculated cystic structure
-risk of airway obstruction, infection or bleeding -other head and neck structures may be involved -surgery is usually choice of treatment |
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If a defect is present in the ear, what other organ is likely involved?
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the kidney
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what are the infections of the ear canal?
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-yeast
-fungus -bacterial -viral -candida -staph aureus looks black |
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What is blullous myringitis?
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coxsackie induces blisters on the cutaneous surface of the TM
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ToF: you should drain a bullous myringitis
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false!
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what is cholesteatoma?
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infection that pulls cholesterol from the blood supply and ends up erodes the mastoid bone
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cholesteatoma can cause ___
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meningitis
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which occurs more often, lip and palate clefts or just palate clefts?
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combo lip and palate
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what are the hearing tests?
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-audiogram
-speech discrimination tests -tympanogram -auditory brainstem response -otoacoustic emissions |
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If a patient cant hear Ss and Ts they are thought to not hear __ frequencies
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high
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what does immitance testing measure?
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-compliance of the middle ear system
-volume of the middle ear -acoustic reflexes |
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what are the 2 tests done in speech testing?
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-speech threshold testing using spondees
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what are the words used for the speech threshold test using spondees?
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-hotdog
-cowboy -birthday -ice cream -baseball |
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what are the auditory discrimination testing?
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use monosyllabic words
-house -cake -nice -pool -work |
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what are the types of hearing screenings?
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-pure tone sweet testin
-auditory brainstem reponse -otoacoustic emissions |
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what are the types of audiometry screenings?
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-conditioned play
-visual reinforcement |
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children with autism and ADHD have many problems hearing due to defects in their __ ___ __
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central auditory pathway
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what is figure ground?
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being able to hear the main speaker aside from the background noise
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Problems in the central auditory pathway cause what hearing issues?
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-can hear but not process quickly
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what does the otoacoustic emissions test measure?
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the electric emissions of the cochlea
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what test for hearing is like an EEG?
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the auditory brainstem response testing
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what are the types of hearing loss?
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-conductive
-sensori-neural -auditory processing (Central) |
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what are the disorders of the nose?
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-choanal atresia
-epistaxis -polyps -allergic rhinitis -viral coryza -foreign bodies |
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what is choanal atresia?
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-complete or partial obstruciton of nasopharynx
-0.82 case per 10,000 -may result in emergent or elctive surgery depending on airway constraint |
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Describe nasal polyps.
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-may be due to persist allergic rhinitis
-frequently recur, especialy if underlying allergic response is not controlled |
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Describe epistaxis?
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-most common nasal problem in children
-dry mucosa -nose picking -allergy -occasionally associated with bleeding disorder |
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Sinusitis produces ___ nasal discharge.
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purulent
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what are the differentials for sore throat?
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-viral pharyngitis/tonsilitis
-strep pharyngitis -coxackie -unilateral or bilateral tonsilitis -peri-tonsilar abscess |
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what is a cause of lymphadenopathy that is associated with night sweats?
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lymphoma
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what are the presenting features of lymphadenopathy?
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-fever
-pain -coryza -cough -bleeding |
