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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common viral etiology for the common cold and rhinosinusitis?
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rhinoviruses
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What are the most common bacterial causes of acue rhinosinusitis?
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Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae
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What are the most common causes of hospital-aquired rhinosinusitis?
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• S. aureus
• Pseudomonas • Klebsiella |
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What is pneumonia?
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inflammation of parenchymal structures of the lung, such as the alveoli and the bronchioles
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What are some of the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
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• fever
• general malaise • chest discomfort (pleuritic pain) • cough (may be productive) • tachypnea • signs of hemoglobin desaturation and respiratory failure • evidence of sepsis or shock |
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Differentiate between typical and atypical pneumonia
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• Typical (Bacterial) pneumonia results from infection by bacteria that multiply extracellularly in the alveoli and cause inflammation and exudation of fluid into the airfilled spaces of the alveoli
• Atypical pneumonias produce patchy inflammatory changes that are confined to the alvelolar septum and the interstitium of the lung |
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The presence of pneumonia along with diarrhea, hyponatremia, and confusion is characteristics of what type of pneumonia?
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Legionella pneumonia
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What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?
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influenza virus
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What is the definition of nosocomial pneumonia?
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• a lower respiratory tract infection that was not present or incubating on admission to the hospital
• usually infections occurring 48-72 hours after admission |
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What are some of the bacterial etiologies of nosocomial pneuomonia?
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• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• S. aureus • Enterobacter species • Klebsiella species • E. Coli • Serratia |
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Certain types of immunologic defects tend to facvor certain types of infections. Patients with defects in humoral immunity are predisposed to what types of infections? patients w/ defects in cell-mediated immunity?
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• patients w/ defects in humoral immunity are predisposed to bacterial infections (against which antibodies play an important role)
• patients w/ defects in cellular immunity are predisposed to infections caused by viruses, fungi, mycobacteria, and protozoa |
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What is the difference between the development of tuberculosis and pneumonia?
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• pneumonia has a rapid onset (usually within 2-3 days)
• tuberculosis has a delayed onset, usually developing over months |
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What are some symptoms of Tuberculosis?
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• cough (may be productive or hemoptysis)
• anorexia • fever • night sweats |
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What is the staining technique used to stain M. Tuberculosis?
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Acid-fast staining
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Why does tuberculosis have a tendency to cause disease in the upper lobes of the lung?
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• the tubercle bacilli are strict aerobes that thrive in an oxygen-rich environment
• the upper lobes are the parts of the lung where the ventilation and oxygen content are the greatest |
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What is the most common cause of pneumonia associated with the highest morbidity/mortality in the world?
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tuberculosis
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What is primary tuberculosis?
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occurs in a person lacking previous contact with the tubercle bacillus
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What is a Ghon's complex?
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a combination of the primary lung lesion and lymph node granulomas
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What is Miliary tuberculosis?
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• minute lesions, resembling millet seeds, when TB erodes into a blood vessel, giving rise to hematogenic dissemination
• can involve almost any organ (ex. brain, meninges, liver, kidney, bone marrow) |
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What is secondary tuberculosis?
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• either reinfection from inhaled droplet nuclei
OR • reactivation of a previously healed primary lesion |
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What are the primary drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
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RIPE
• R - Rifampin • I - Isoniazid • P - Pyrazinamide • E - Ethambutol |
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What are the 2 major types of lung cancer?
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• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Small cell lung cancer |
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What are the different types of non-small cell lung cancer?
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• squamous cell
• adenocarcinoma • large cell |
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Which type of lung cancer usually present as a centrally located endobronchial lesion?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Which type of lung cancer is the most common lung cancer and is the type seen most often in non-smokers?
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adenocarcinoma
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What are characteristic of small cell lung cancer?
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• highly linked to cigarette exposure
• the most common cancer associated with paraneoplastic syndromes (such as SIADH & Cushing's syndrome) • often presents with a large, central tumor with mediastinal involvement |
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What are common signs and symptoms of all types of lung cancer?
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• cough
• chest pain • hemoptysis • radiographic evidence of a mass or pneumonia • weight loss |
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Which type of lung cancer is associated with the paraneoplastic syndrome that produces hypercalcemia?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Which type of lung cancer is associated with the paraneoplastic syndrome that produces hypercalcemia?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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