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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mean arterial pressure?
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the average pressure in the arterial system during ventrical contraction and relaxation
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What components determine blood pressure?
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• BP is determined by the cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance
BP = cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance |
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What is primary hypertension?
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The chronic elevation in blood pressure without evidence of other disease
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What are some risk factors for hypertension?
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• family history
• increasing age • race • insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities |
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What are some lifestyle factors that contribute to hypertension?
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• decreased intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium
• excess alcohol consumption • high salt intake • obesity • oral contraceptive drugs • stress |
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What is target organ damage?
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hypertension associated complications involving:
• brain • heart • kidneys • peripheral vascular • retina |
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What are some drugs used in the treatment of hypertension?
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• ACE inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blockers • alpha 1 receptor blockers • alpha 2 agonists • beta-adrenergic blockers • Calcium channel blockers • diuretics • vasodilators |
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What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of thiazide diuretics?
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• inhibt Na/Cl symporter at the early distal convoluted tubule and cortical portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
• increased Na, Cl, and H20 excretion |
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Name 4 thiazide diuretics
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• HCTZ
• Chlorthalidone • Indapamide • Metolazone |
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What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
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• acts primarily on the ascending loop of Henle by inhibiting the Na-K-Cl symporter
• increases Na, Cl, K, and H20 excretion in large amounts |
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Name 4 loop diuretics
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• Furosemide (Lasix)
• Bumetanide (Bumex) • Torsemide (Demadex) • Ethacrynic Acid (Edecrin) |
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Name 4 potassium-sparing diuretics
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• Amiloride
• Spironalactone • Triameterene • Elperelone |
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Which beta-blockers are nonselective?
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• carvedilol
• labetalol • nadolol • pindolol • propanolol |
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Which beta-blockers are selective?
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• atenolol
• metoprolol • acetobutolol • bisoprolol |
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What are the effects of beta-blockers with ISA? Give 2 examples.
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• beta-blockers with ISA lower blood pressure without reducing resting heart rate
• examples are Pindolol (nonselective) and Acetobutolol (selective) |
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What is MOA of calcium channel blockers?
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inhibit calcium entry through voltage dependant channels
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What are the 2 classifications of calcium channel blockers?
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• nondihydropyridines (used for rate control as antiarrhythmics)
• dihydropyridines (used for HTN) |
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Name some examples of nondihydropyridines
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• diltiazem
• verapamil • nifedipine |
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Name examples of dihydropyridines
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• amlodipine (Norvasc)
• felodipine • nicardipine • nisoldipine |
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List examples of ACE inhibitors
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• Benazepril (Lotensin)
• Captopril • Enalapril (Vasotec) • Lisinopril (Zestril) • Quinapril (Accupril) • Ramipril (Altace) • Trandolapril |
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Name 4 ARBs
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• Losartan (Cozaar)
• Valsartan (Diovan) • Candesartan (Atacand) • Irbesartan (Avapro) |
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Name some alpha-1 receptor antagonists
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• Prazosin
• Doxazosin (Cardura) • Terazosin |
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Name 2 alpha-2 agonists
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• Clonidine
• Methyldopa |
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List examples of short-acting and long-acting nitrates
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• Short-acting: nitropaste, nitrodur
• Long-acting: Isordil |
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What are some causes of secondary hypertension?
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• adrenal corticoal disorders (hyperaldosteronism)
• coarctation of the aorta • gestational HTN • kidney disease • pheochromocytoma • sleep apnea |
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What are the 2 major types of renovascular disease that causes secondary hypertension?
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• renal artery stenosis
• fibromuscular dysplasia: a hyperplasia of the renal pelvis that obstructs renal blood flow |
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What are signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma?
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• headache (most common)
• marked variability in blood pressure • nervousness • tremor • weakness |
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What is malignant hypertension?
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• sudden marked elevations in blood pressure
• diastolic values above 120 mm Hg • complicated by evidence of acute or rapidly progressive life-threatening organ dysfunction |
