Patho Chapter 1 & 3

Front 1

What 2 functions do all cells do?

Back 1

*excretion
*respiration

Front 2

List 6 cell functions that some cells do?

Back 2

*movement
*reproduction
*secretion
*conductivity (excitablility)
*metabolic absorption
*communication

Front 3

*removal of metabolic waste, enzymes breakdown nutrients, turn into waster products and relase from cell - this is what function?

Back 3

excretion

Front 4

absorption of oxygen takes place in mitochondria, nutrients transformed into energy in form of ATP - this is what function?

Back 4

respiration

Front 5

contraction of muscle cells - this is what function?

Back 5

movement

Front 6

cell division, some continuous some not at all - this is what function?

Back 6

reproduction

Front 7

synthesis of new substances - this is what function?

Back 7

secretion

Front 8

nerve cells primarily nad muscle, respond to stimulus with action potential - this is what function?

Back 8

conductivity (excitability)

Front 9

all cells take in nutrients for own use but some are responsible for moving large amounts, intestinal and kidney cells - this is what function?

Back 9

metabolic absorption

Front 10

gap junctions, plasma membrane signals and chemical signals - this is what function?

Back 10

communication

Front 11

Nerve and muscle cells do NOT do what function?

Back 11

reproduce

Front 12

List 6 functions of the plasma membrane

Back 12

*provide structure
*protection
*activation of cell
*passive and active transport
*storage
*cell to cell interaction/communication

Front 13

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
ribosomes

Back 13

protein synthese

Front 14

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
endoplasmic reticulum

Back 14

transportation

Front 15

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
golgi complex (apparatus)

Back 15

processing and packing of proteins

Front 16

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
lysosomes

Back 16

intracellular digestion

Front 17

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
peroxisomes

Back 17

detoxification of wastes

Front 18

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
mitochondria

Back 18

cellular respiration

Front 19

What is the function of this cytoplasmic organelle
cytoskeleton

Back 19

maintains shape and organization of cell

Front 20

The plasma membrane is basically not permeable to what?

Back 20

water, water soluable

Front 21

The plasma membrane is permeable to what?

Back 21

lipids

Front 22

This transport type is _____
*osmosis
*hydrostatic pressure
*diffusion
*no expenditure of energy

Back 22

passive

Front 23

This transport type is _____
*molecules that are too big for bound with receptors
*expenditure of energy
*require receptors that can recognize and bind with substrates
*against concentration gradients

Back 23

active

Front 24

Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are what?

Back 24

solutes

Front 25

electrically charged and dissociate are

Back 25

electrolytes

Front 26

positive charge electrolytes

Back 26

cations

Front 27

negative charge electrolytes

Back 27

anions

Front 28

glucose, urea, creatinine are what type of solutes

Back 28

nonelectrolytes

Front 29

Movement of solutes depends on what 4 factors

Back 29

*size
*solubility
*electrical properties
*concentration on either side of membrane

Front 30

Movement from an area of greater to lesser concentration is _____

Back 30

diffusion

Front 31

*force of water pushing against cellular membrane (pushing pressure) is _____

Back 31

hydrostatic pressure

Front 32

hydrostatic pressure is balanced by

Back 32

osmotic pressure (pulling pressure) (osmolality)

Front 33

movement of water from higher to lower concentration is ____

Back 33

osmosis

Front 34

what reflects hydration status

Back 34

osmolality

Front 35

movement of water can be opposed by _____

Back 35

hydrostatic pressure

Front 36

amount of hydrostatic pressure (pushing) required to oppose osmotic movement of water is _____

Back 36

osmotic pressure

Front 37

effective osmolality of a solution is _____

Back 37

tonicity

Front 38

same osmolality of ICF or ECF

Back 38

isotonic

Front 39

lower concentration in or out of cell; lower than normal

Back 39

hypotonic

Front 40

concentration higher than ICF or ECF

Back 40

hypertonic

Front 41

dehydration occurs with what tonicity

Back 41

hypertonic

Front 42

cellular rupture occurs with what tonicity

Back 42

hypotonic

Front 43

normal tonicity is _____

Back 43

isotonic

Front 44

*substance requires specific transport systems to facilitate movement through cellular membrane
*transport protein - binds with and transports molecule across membrane
*channel protein - creates pore or channel

Back 44

mediated transport

Front 45

mediated transport method that binds with and transports molecule across membrane

Back 45

tranport protein

Front 46

mediated transport method that creates a pore or channel

Back 46

channel protein

Front 47

*moves molecules against concentration gradient
*requires energy
This is what type of transport

Back 47

active

Front 48

2 types of vesicle formation

Back 48

*endocytosis
*exocytosis

Front 49

Type of vesicle formation that brings IN
*pinocytosis- small vesicle
*phagocytosis- large vesicle

Back 49

endocytosis

Front 50

Type of vesicle formation that takes OUT, released by the cell

Back 50

exocytosis

Front 51

This tissue types function(s) are
*protection
*absorption
*secretion
*excretion

Back 51

epithelial tissue

Front 52

This tissue types function(s) are
*framework for epithelial cells to cluster
*support and protect
*collagen, elastic, reticular, cartilage, bone, adipose

Back 52

connective tissue

Front 53

This tissue types function(s) are
*skeletal, cardiac and smooth
*movement

Back 53

muscle tissue (myoctyes)

Front 54

This tissue types function(s) are
*communication and control

Back 54

neural tissue (neurons)

Front 55

*decrease in cell size
*most common in skeletal muscle, brain and heart
*physiologic or pathologic

Back 55

atrophy

Front 56

*increase in cell size
*increase in protein, not fluid
*physiologic or pathologic

Back 56

hypertrophy

Front 57

Cells ability to adapt in order to survive or maintain functioning of cell - not necessarily abnormal functioning is what

Back 57

altered cellular function
cellular adaptation

Front 58

List 5 types of cellular adaptations

Back 58

*atrophy
*hypertrophy
*hyperplasia
*dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)
*metaplasia

Front 59

increase in cell number

Back 59

hyperplasia

Front 60

organs regenerate is what type of hyperplasia

Back 60

normal, compensatory

Front 61

estrogen dependent organs are what type of hyperplasia

Back 61

normal, hormonal

Front 62

*abnormal increase in cell number
*excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation
is what kind of hyperplasia

Back 62

pathologic

Front 63

*not an adaptive change
abnormal change in size, shape, organization of mature cells;
*common in cervix & respiratory

Back 63

dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)

Front 64

reversible replacement of one mature cell type by an immature cell
*smokers - ciliated cells replaced by non-ciliated cells

Back 64

mataplasia

Front 65

*cells unable to maintain homeostatis
*reversible or cell death

Back 65

cellular injury

Front 66

List 8 stimulants for cellular injury

Back 66

*chemical agents
*hypoxia
*free radicals
*infectious agents
*physical and mechanical factors
*immunologic reactions
*genetic factors
*nutrional imbalance

Front 67

List 4 common response pathways

Back 67

*ATP depletion
*formatoin of oxygen and oxygen free radicals
*loss of calcium steady state
*defects in membrane permeability

Front 68

List 5 causes of hypoxia

Back 68

*inadequate oxygen in the air
*repiratory disease
*decreased cardiac outpout or blood flow
*anemia (decreased oxygen carrying capacity)
*inability of cells to utilze oxygen

Front 69

electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron

Back 69

free radical

Front 70

free radicals tend to bond with what 3 things

Back 70

*proteins
*lipids
*carbohydrates

Front 71

Free radicals are initiated within cells by 3 things

Back 71

*absorption of energy (UV light, radiation)
*normal metabolic process (oxygen reduced to water)
*enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemical or drugs

Front 72

Effect of free radicals that is the destruction of unsaturated fatty acids - damage of cell membrane, organelles and cell is what;
*list 2 other effects

Back 72

lipid peroxidation
*damage to proteins involved in transport mechanisms
*fragmentation of DNA - decreased protein synthesis

Front 73

toxic substance damages plasma membrane leading to increased permeability

Back 73

chemical injury

Front 74

List 4 results from chemical injury

Back 74

*irreversible lipid accumulation
*mitochondrial swelling
*ATP loss
*lysosomal membrane injury

Front 75

List 6 common chemical agents that cause injury

Back 75

*heavy metals (lead)
*gases (carbon monoxide)
*poisons (arsenic, cyanide)
*air pollutants
*insecticides, herbicides
*drugs (alcohol)

Front 76

What 4 things do cells require?

Back 76

*proteins
*carbohydrates
*lipids
*vitamins/minerals

Front 77

What nutrional base provides
*major structural unit
*necessary for enzymatic and hormonal functions

Back 77

proteins

Front 78

Which nutrional base
*if in excess = obesity
*necessary for exzymatic and hormonal functions

Back 78

glucose

Front 79

List 7 types of physical causes of injury

Back 79

*temperature
*atomospheric pressure
*ionizing radiation
*lightning
*mechanical stresses
*noise
*injuries (contustion, laceration)

Front 80

intracellular accumulations is also known as _____
this is a result of injury

Back 80

infiltrations

Front 81

List 7 accumulations

Back 81

*water
*lipids and carbohydrates
*glycogen
*proteins
*pigments
*calcium
*urate (uric acid)

Front 82

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*water

Back 82

*extracellular water moves into cell - cellular swelling - organ distended and increases in weight

Front 83

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*lipids and carbohydrates

Back 83

*cells of spleen, liver and CNS
*lipid accumulation in liver cells (fatty liver)
*displaced nucleus and organelles
*fibrosis and scarrig of the organ

Front 84

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*glycogen

Back 84

*vacuolation of cytoplasm
*glucose and glycogen metabolism disorders (diabetes millitus)

Front 85

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*proteins

Back 85

*renal tubular cells and B lymphocytes
*cell attempts to digest protein - metabolites can damage organelles
*protein pushes against organelles - affecting function and communication

Front 86

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*pigments

Back 86

*exogenous - minderal dusts (lead, dyes) outside the body
*endogenous - melanin (addidson disease, pigmented moles)
Hemoproteins - excessive storage of iron, hemosiderin derived from hemoglobin, bilirubin derived from porphyrin

Front 87

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*calcium

Back 87

*accumulate in injured or dead tissue - interfere with normal cellular structure and function
*dystrophic calcification- dying and dead tissue
*metastatic calcification- hypercalemia (hardening) in normal tissues

Front 88

With this type of accumulation, what type of cells would be most effected
*urate (uric acid)

Back 88

*end product of purine catabolism
*gout is the result

Front 89

List 5 system manifestations

Back 89

*fever
*increased heart rate
*increased leukocytes
*pain
*cellular enzymes in extracellular fluid

Front 90

cellular death is known as ____

Back 90

necrosis

Front 91

Necrosis that is an infection with Clostridium (anaerobic) - hydrolytic enzymes - destroy connective tissue and cell membranes- gas bubbles in muscle cell is what

Back 91

gas gangrene

Front 92

Programmed cell death is _____

Back 92

apoptosis

Front 93

Shrinkage of the cell caused by proteases - cell splits into fragments - phagocytosis occurs is the process of _____

Back 93

apoptosis

Front 94

4 Mechanisms of aging are

Back 94

*genetic
*environmental
*cellular control
*degenerative extracellular changes

Front 95

During cellular aging what 3 cellular changes take place

Back 95

*atrophy
*decreased function
*loss of cells

Front 96

hypertrophy and hyperplasia - metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia is the process of what cellular aging cellular change

Back 96

loss of function

Front 97

What 2 things are susceptible to injury - less able to repair - increase susceptibility to mutations?

Back 97

DNA and RNA

Front 98

List 5 tissue/system aging processes

Back 98

*progressive stiffness or rigidity (arterial, pulmonary, musculoskeletal)
*atrophy of thymus (decreased immune function, increased autoantibodies)
*decreased responsiveness to hormones
*muscle loss
*decrease in stomach emptying and secretion of hormones

Front 99

List 4 overall changes in aging

Back 99

*decrease in height, circumference of neck, thighs, & arms
*widened pelvis
*lengthening of nose and ears
*decrease in total body mass - decrease in potassium

Front 100

What is the death of the person called?

Back 100

somatic death

Front 101

somatic death requires what two cessations?

Back 101

cessation of respiration and circulation

Front 102

Fall in body temperature is called _____

Back 102

algor mortis

Front 103

Purple discoloration of dependent parts is called _____

Back 103

livor mortis

Front 104

Muscle stiffening in somatic death is callled _____

Back 104

rigor mortis

Front 105

A calus is what type of cellular adaptation?

Back 105

hyperplasia

Front 106

Hypoxia due to lack of oxygen results in

Back 106

no mitochondrial oxygenation - no ATP - decreased energy to sustain Na/K pump and Na/Ca exchange - increase intracellular Na and Ca and extracellular K - movement of water into cell - dilation of endoplasmic reticulum - detachment of ribosomes 0 decreased protein synthesis - (reversible at this point) - vacuolation - damage to membrane - increased calcium - swelling of mitochondria - cellular death