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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Local spread
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proliferation within tissue of origin
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direct extension
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tumor cells move into adjacent tissue cells/ organs
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seeding
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peritoneal & pleural cavities- move along membranes to other organs |
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metastasis
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spread through lymphatics or blood
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carcinogensis
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process through which normal cells are transformed into malignant or cancer cells
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neoplasm
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irreversible deviant cellular developments may be benign or malignant |
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cancer
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highly invasive and destructive neoplasms |
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cellular proliferation
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generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent) cells
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cellular differentiation
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process of cellular maturation to achieve a specific function |
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mutator genes
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repair damaged DNA along with tumor suppressor genes, protect the genome
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proto-oncogene
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genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation, can also inhibit apoptosis
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tumor suppressor genes
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prohibit over-proliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis
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cell cycle regulation
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G1- cell restriction or growth checkpoint G2- The DNA synthesis checkpoint M- the mitosis or metaphase checkpoint |
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apoptosis
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cell suicide
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oncogenes
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promote unregulated cell growth and development and can inhibit cell death
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proto-oncogenes
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normal genes that can become cancer causing genes 3 ways: point mutation translocation gene amplification |
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oncogene mechanism of action
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Oncogenes act by: 1. Encoding growth factors to stimulate cell over-proliferation 2. Disturbing cell surface receptors and restricting cell-to-cell communication 3. Encoding proteins in the cell nucleus to alter the cell cycle, restrict apoptosis, and impact differentiation of the cell |
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Roles of genes in cancer
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Alteration in any of these categories of genes can lead to cancerous transformation: 1. Mutator genes: 2. Proto-oncogenes 3. Tumor suppressor genes. |
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Carcinogens
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radiation, exposure to reactive oxygen species (free radicals), hormones, tobacco, infectious microorganisms, certain chemials
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parenchymal cells
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functional tissues and organs of neoplasm growth
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stromal cells
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supportive structure of neoplasm growth
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6 hallmarks of cancer
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self sufficiency in growth signals insensitivity to antigrowth signals evading apoptosis limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis tissue invasion and metastasis |
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tropism
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affinity of a primary tumor to a specific distant site
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tmn classification system
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cachexia
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extreme weight loss and tissue wasting
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