Patho Ch 4 The Cell

Front 1

What is the protoplasm and what does it contain?

Back 1

internal matrix of the cell;
- contains water (70-85%), proteins (10-20%), lipids (2-3%), carbohydrates and electrolytes
-Two egions:cytoplasm – lies outside the nucleus.
Karyoplasm or nucleoplasm which lies inside the nucleus

Front 2

Name the functions of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Back 2

mRNA - copies and carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to cytoplasm
rRNA - site of protein synthesis once it moves to cytoplasm
tRNA – transports amino acids to the protein being synthesized

Front 3

Describe the nucleus

Back 3

control center for the cell; contains most of the hereditary material

Front 4

What are ribosomes

Back 4

sites of protein synthesis

Front 5

Rough ER

Back 5

contains ribosomes; proteins made here are destined for incorporation into cll membranes, lysosomal enzymes or exportation from the cell.

Front 6

Smooth ER

Back 6

-free of ribosomes
-does not participate in protein synthesis
-site of lipid, lipotprotein and steroid hormone production

Front 7

Golgi Complex

Back 7

-found near nucleus and associate with the ER
-Receives and modifies and ships out vesicles from ER

Front 8

Lysosomes

Back 8

Digestive system of the cell
1. Primary lysosomes-contain hydrolytic enzymes that have not entered digestive process
2. Secondary lysosomes-activation of enzymes and degradation begins

Front 9

What is Heterophagocytosis

Back 9

the uptake of material from outside the cell
-common with WBC's such as neutrophils and macrophages

Front 10

What is Autophagy

Back 10

involves removal of damaged cellular organelles
-most common in cells undergoing atrophy

Front 11

What is a phagosome

Back 11

an infolding of the cell membrane the brings in external material into cell
-phagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to start degradation

Front 12

What is Tay-Sachs disease

Back 12

autosomal recessive disorder where GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the nervous system and other organs from a lack of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase A

Front 13

What are peroxisomes

Back 13

-degrade peroxides and long fatty acid chains
-funtion in the control of free radicals

Front 14

What is adrenoleukodystrophy

Back 14

most common disorder of peroxisomes which causes the buildup of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
-results in dementia and adrenal insufficiency

Front 15

What are proteosomes

Back 15

present in the nucleos and cytoplasm
-degrade misformed and misfolded proteins

Front 16

What does the mitochondria do?

Back 16

Its the power plant of the cell that converts food into cellular energy (ATP)
-contains its own DNA, ribosomes and are self replicating

Front 17

where does cellular respiration take place?

Back 17

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 18

mitochondrial DNA is inherited from?

Back 18

the mother (matrilineally)

Front 19

What is the cytoskeleton composed of? What is their function

Back 19

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement

Front 20

Describe the microtubles

Back 20

-composed of tubulin
-participate in intracellular transport
-form centrioles, basal bodies, cilia and flagella

Front 21

What is colchicine?

Back 21

-a drug used to treat gout; reduces imflammatory reaction by interfering with microtubular function of WBCs and their movement

Front 22

Cilia and flagella are anchored to what?

Back 22

Basal bodies

Front 23

What is bronchiectasis

Back 23

disorder of the cilia in the respiratory trach that interferes with clearance of inhaled bacteria

Front 24

What are centrioles

Back 24

they form the mitotic spindle that aids in the separation and movement of the chromosomes during cell division

Front 25

What are basal bodies

Back 25

they are responsible for the formation of the core of the microtubules found in cilia and flagella

Front 26

What are microfilaments

Back 26

3 types:
1. thin actin filaments
2. intermediate
3. thick filaments

Front 27

What is a neurofibrillary tangle

Back 27

found in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and contains microtubule-associated proteins

Front 28

Decribe the Cell membrane

Back 28

-separates intra from extracellular envornments
-provides receptors for hormones and other substances
-participates in electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells
-consist of lipids(glycolipids and cholesterol), carbs, and proteins

Front 29

The types of proteins found in the cell membrane

Back 29

Transmembrane and peripheral

Front 30

What is the glycolalyx

Back 30

the cell coat that contains tisuue antigens (in RBCs the ABO antigens); participates in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion

Front 31

Name the types of cell receptors

Back 31

1. G-protein-linked receptors
2. Ion-channel-linked
3. Enzyme-linked
4. Intracellular

Front 32

Describe G-proteins

Back 32

-most common
-they mediate cellular responses for 1st messengers
-they bind to Guanine
-when bound to GDP, it is inactive
-when bound to GTP it is active
-passes the message to effectors
-

Front 33

what is an effector

Back 33

an enzyme that converts an inactive molecule into a second messenger, usually cAMP

Front 34

what is adenyl cyclase

Back 34

its an enzyme that activates cAMP by tranferring phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins

Front 35

What is GTPase?

Back 35

an enzyme that converts GTP to GDP and thus inactivating the actions of the G-protein
-simply, its the on-off switch

Front 36

How does Vibrio Cholerae work?

Back 36

it binds and activates the G-protein that is linked to the cAMP system in the intestine and causes the cells to overproduce fluid leading to severe diarrhea

Front 37

Describe Ion-channel-linked receptors

Back 37

involved in synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells

Front 38

What are Enzyme-linked receptors?

Back 38

they activate the intracellular domain by way of enzyme(tyrosine kinase)activity
-they mediate calcium influx, increased sodium-potassium exhange, and stimulate glucose and amino acid uptake.

Front 39

What are the 5 phases of the cell cycle

Back 39

Go, G1, S, G2, M

Front 40

stage of cell growth, organelle and protein synthesis

Back 40

G1 phase

Front 41

stage when DNA is replicated

Back 41

S phase

Front 42

Pre-mitotic phase, protein sysnthesis

Back 42

G2 phase

Front 43

phase during which cell mitosis occurs

Back 43

M phase

Front 44

non-dividing cell phase such as the stage of mature nerve cells

Back 44

Go phase

Front 45

The 4 stages of mitosis in the order that they happen

Back 45

PMAT

P-prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase

Front 46

T/F Lipofuscin, which is brown pigment characteristic of ageing, accumulates in lysosomes.

Back 46

True

Front 47

This organelles normally produces an enzyme that is missing in babies with Tay-Sachs disease

Back 47

Lysosomes

Front 48

The ABO antigens of the cell are found here

Back 48

The Cell Coat

Front 49

The receptors on nerve or muscle cells that respond to neurotransmittes are?

Back 49

Ion channels

Front 50

What are the functions of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and anaphase-promoting complex?

Back 50

They regulate cell division

Front 51

What are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism?

Back 51

CO2 and water

Front 52

List 3 examples of passive transport

Back 52

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

Front 53

Glucose is transported into the cells by this process

Back 53

facilitated diffusion

Front 54

Name some lipid-soluble molecules that can cross directly through the cell membrane

Back 54

CO2, O2, alcohol, fatty acids, steroid hormones

Front 55

The ectoderm differentiates into what?

Back 55

the epidermis and nervous system

Front 56

The endoderm gives rise to?

Back 56

1.Epithelial linings of the resp tract and digestive system
2.glandular cells of organs such as the liver and pancreas

Front 57

The mesoderm gives rise to?

Back 57

Smooth muscle tissue, CT, blood vessels, blood cells, bone marrow, skeletal tissue and reproductive and excretory organs

Front 58

The process that converts the bilaminar embryonic disk into a trilaminar embryonic disk

Back 58

gastrulation

Front 59

Bone forming cells

Back 59

osteoblast

Front 60

Cells that break down bone

Back 60

osteoclast

Front 61

Fat soluble vitamins

Back 61

ADEK

Front 62

What is glycolysis

Back 62

The anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose to pyruvate

Front 63

What is the process by which most of the ATP is made?

Back 63

Oxydative phosphorylation

Front 64

What is albumin?

Back 64

Plasma protein made in the liver

Front 65

What is BUN?

Back 65

Blood Urea Nitrogen; its a reflection of protein metabolism in the kidneys

Front 66

Cortisol is made here

Back 66

adrenal cortex

Front 67

Where does blood formation take place?

Back 67

mostly takes place in the red marrow of the bones.

Front 68

What are cytokines

Back 68

hormone-like growth factors that control the proliferation and differentiation and functional abilities of various blood blood cells

Front 69

What is hematocrit on a CBC?

Back 69

The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. For example, a hematocrit of 38 means that 38% of the blood's volume is composed of red cells.

Front 70

Name the granulocytes

Back 70

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

Front 71

Major phagocytic granulocytes

Back 71

Neutrophils

Front 72

These granulocytes are the least numerous and secrete histamine when activated

Back 72

Basophils

Front 73

The two types of Agranulocytes

Back 73

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Front 74

Name the four types of tissues

Back 74

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Front 75

Where is transitional epithelium found

Back 75

Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

Front 76

Where can you find Pseudostratified Epith.

Back 76

Respiratory and tracheal passages

Front 77

Where can you find stratified cuboidal

Back 77

Ducts of swet glands

Front 78

Where can you find simple cuboidal

Back 78

collecting tubules of kidney and the covering of ovaries

Front 79

Where is simple columnar epith.

Back 79

lining of intestine and gallbladder

Front 80

Where is simple squamous epith. found?

Back 80

Lining of blood vessels, alveoli, and body cavities

Front 81

Where is stratified columnar epith. found?

Back 81

Salivary glands, mammary glands, and conjuctiva

Front 82

The types of especialized connective tissue

Back 82

Blood
Bone
Cartilage

Front 83

This type of glandular cell ruptures and releases its entire contents into a duct system

Back 83

Holocrine cells
An example is sebaceous glands

Front 84

This type of cell loses the apical portion of its cell along with small portions of the cytoplasm. e.g. mammary glands, certain sweat glands

Back 84

Apocrine glands

Front 85

These glands release their products by exocytosis

Back 85

Merocrine or eccrine-type glands. e.g. salivary glands, exocrine glands of the pancreas

Front 86

This tissue comprises the framework of the liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs

Back 86

Reticular tissue

Front 87

This tissue makes up tendons and ligaments

Back 87

Dense regular

Front 88

This tissue is found on the dermis of the skin

Back 88

Dense irregular

Front 89

This tissue is found in subcutaneous areas

Back 89

loose or areolar

Front 90

Functions are:

1.Synthesis of lipid molecules
2.Regulate intracellular calcium
3.Metabolism and detoxification

Back 90

Smooth ER

Front 91

Deficiency of hexosaminidase A needed for degrading of GM2 gangliosides

Back 91

Tay-Sachs

Front 92

They catalyze the phosphorylation of amino acids in the protein structure causing conformational changes

Back 92

Protein kinases

Front 93

Mediate cellular responses such as calcium influx, sodium-potassium exchange, and stimulation of glucose uptake

Back 93

Enzyme-linked receptors

Front 94

harnesses energy from primary active transport (usually sodium ions) and uses it for cotransport of a second substance

Back 94

Secondary active transport

Front 95

In this type of transport sodium and solute are transported in same direction

Back 95

Cotransport/Symport

Front 96

Channels that open and close in response to such mechanical stimulations as vibrations, tissue stretching, and pressure

Back 96

Mechanically gated channels

Front 97

The 3 types of gated channels

Back 97

1. voltage gated
2. ligand gated
3. mechanically gated

Front 98

T/F Potential difference and voltage are synonymous

Back 98

TRUE

Front 99

T/F In the resting state, the concentration of K ions is opprox 35 times greater inside than outside

Back 99

TRUE

Front 100

This hormone is responsible for the start of menses in females and secondary sex characteristics in men

Back 100

leuteninzing hormone; its a gonadotropin