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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atrophy |
decrease in cell size ex.-cast, exercise |
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hypertrophy |
increase in cell size example-heart,prostate |
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hyperplasia |
increased number of cells (not size) ex.- thyroid |
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metaplasia |
mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type ex.-gurd, smoking |
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dysplasia |
disorganized, cells vary in shape and size within a tissue ex.-cervix, precancerous |
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neoplasia |
new growth, malignant tumor |
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anaplasia |
cell loses its purpose |
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apoptosis |
cell death, 2 main reasons, ischemia and hypoxia |
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ischemia |
blood clot, reduced blood supply |
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hypoxia |
decrease ATP production, going to effect sodium and potassium, water will follow into cell and rupture cell |
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Cell damage- physical damage |
excessive heat or cold ex. heat strokes and frost bite |
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cell damage-mechanical damage |
pressure or tearing of tissue |
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Cell damage-chemical toxins |
exogenous and endogenous |
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exogenous |
from the environment ex. carbon monoxide |
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endogenous |
from inside the body ex. free radicals |
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causes of cell damage-microorganisms |
infections |
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extracellular |
outside the cell |
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intercellular |
inside the cell |
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Extracellular has 2 compartments. What are they? |
intravascular and interstitial |
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hydrostatic pressure |
pushing into |
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osmotic |
pulling |
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filtration |
movement of water and solutes from blood to Interstitial fluid area |
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Antidiuretic hormone |
promotes resorption of water into blood from kidney tubules retain water |
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Aldosterone |
reabsorbs water and sodium secretes potassium |
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Reason for Edema |
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (pushing too much fluid into the interstitial space) |
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Reason for Edema |
Decreased capillary osmotic pressure, not pulling enough fluid back into itself due to a loss of plasma protein (albumin), it is staying in the interstitial space |
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Reason for Edema |
obstruction lymphatic circulation |
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Reason for Edema |
Increased capillary permeability leak fluid into interstitial space, histamine inflammation, capillary gets huge and leaks fluid |
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Effects of Edema |
swelling, pitting edema, increase in body weight |
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dehydration |
insufficient body fluid resulting from inadequate intake or excessive loss or both, increase ADH(compensation mechanism) |
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causes of dehydration |
vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating with loss of sodium and water |
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effects of dehydration |
dry mucous membranes in mouth, decreased skin turgor or elasticity, confusion |
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sodium |
transported in and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump, controlled by aldosterone in kidneys, osmotic pressure-only electrolyte to effect osmotic pressure |
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hyponatremia |
low sodium |
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hyponatremia causes |
excess water intake, excessive sweating vomiting, diarrhea |
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hyponatremia effects |
muscle cramps, brain swell, cerebral edema, confusion |
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hypernatremia |
excess sodium |
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hypernatremia causes |
loss of water from the body, faster then the body can keep up with, same as dehydration |
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hypernatremis effects |
brain cells shrink |
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Potassium |
controlled by kidneys, if kidneys aren't working, potassium increases |
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hypokalemia |
decreased potassium |
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hypokalemia causes |
diarrhea, diuretic drugs, decreased dietary intake(alcoholics, eating disorders) |
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hypokalemia effects |
cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, paresthesias "pins and needles" |
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hyperkalemia |
increased potassium |
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hyperkalemia causes |
renal failure |
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hyperkalemia effects |
muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias |
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Hypocalcemia |
low calcium |
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hypercalcemia |
increased calcium |
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causes of hypocalcemia |
hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, renal failure |
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effects of hypocalcemia |
tetany, arrhythmias |
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hypercalcemia causes |
hyperprathyroidism, malignant bone tumors, demineralization caused by immobility |
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normal serum pH range |
7.35-7.45 |
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compensation mechanisms |
kidneys-most effective, but slowest, either excrete or hold things in lungs-change respiratory rates |
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decompensation |
compensation mechanisms are exceeded or fail decompensation mechanisms don't fix the problem |
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Respiratory Acidosis Why? |
-too much acid -increase in carbon dioxide -reason for increase is breathing slowly(hypoventilating) |
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Respiratory Acidosis Causes |
-pulmonary disease(emphysema) -airway obstruction -opiate overdose |
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Respiratory Acidosis Effects |
-lethargy -weakness -death |
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Respiratory Acidosis Compensation |
kidneys-get rid of acid, retain bicarb |
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Metabolic Acidosis Why? |
-too much acid -loss of bicarb |
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Metabolic Acidosis Causes |
-loss of bicarb(diarrhea) -too much acid (DKA, renal disease, malnutrition) |
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Metabolic Acidosis Effects |
lethargy, weakness, dead |
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Metabolic Acidosis Compensation |
kidneys- get rid of acid, reatin base/bicarb lungs-hyperventilate-breathe really fast to get rid of acid |
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Respiratory Alkalosis Why? |
loss of acid, decrease CO2, hyperventilation |
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Respiratory Alkalosis Cause |
excessive exercise, pain-severe, anxiety-panic attacks, fever, head injuries |
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Respiratory Alkalosis Effects |
restlessness, tetany, dead |
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Respiratory Alkalosis Compensation |
kidneys, get rid of base/bicarb, retain acid |
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Metabolic Alkalosis Why |
too much base/bicarb loss of acid |
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Metabolic Alkalosis Cause |
loss of acid-vomiting, ng suctioning, too much base/bicarb, excessive ingestion of antacids |
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Metabolic Alkalosis Effects |
restlessness, tetany, dead |
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Metabolic Acidosis Compensation |
kidneys-get rid of base/bicarb, retain acid, lungs hypoventilate |
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First line of Defense |
non-specific-unbroken skin and secretions |
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Second line of Defense |
non-specific;phagocytosis |
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Third line of Defense |
specific defense; sensitized t-lymphocytes |
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What is the primary cause of inflammation? |
to remove injurous agents |
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Causes of inflammation |
direct physical damage-cut,sprain caustic chemicals-acid, drain cleaner Ischemia or Infarction Allergic reactions Infection |
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Local effects of inflammation |
redness and warmth, sweliing (capillary permeability), pain (bradykinins) |
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Systemic effects of inflammation |
mild fever, leukocytosis, malaise, fatigue |
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classification of burns |
depth of skin damage |
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effects of burn injury |
hypovolemic shock, respiratory problems, infection, low blood pressure, capillary permeability, carbon, airway swelling |
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nosocomial infections |
occur in health care facilities |
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direct contact |
person to person, sexual activity, contact with infected blood or bodily secretions |
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indirect contact |
food, inanimate object |
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droplet transmission |
respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual ex.-flu-surgical mask |
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Aerosol transmission |
airborne-TB-N95 mask |
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Vector Borne |
mosquitos-west nile |
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Control of Transmission and Infection |
standard precautions used in all settings with all clients when body fluids may be exchanged |
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signs and symptoms of infection |
pain, swelling, redness, warmth, fever, leukocytosis, fatigue |
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t-lymphocytes |
cell mediated immunity |
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b-lymphocytes |
humoral immunity |
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IgG |
most common antibody, both primary and secondary immune responses |
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IgA |
in secretions |
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IgE |
Allergic response, release of histamine, results in inflammation |
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histamine |
released from mast cells and basophils, particularly in allergic reactions |
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bradykinins |
vasodialation, increased permeability, and pain |
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Active natural immunity |
natural exposure to antigen, development of antibodies ex.chickenpox |
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active artificial immunity |
antigen purposely introduced to the body, stimulation of antibody production, immunization, booster immunization |
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passive natural immunity |
IgG transferred from mother to baby, protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned. |
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passive artificial immunity |
injection of antibodies, short term protection |
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Immunodeficiency |
partial or total loss of one or more immune components, reccurent infections is #1 effect, also predisposed to opportunistic infections |
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AIDS |
HIV destroys helper T cells CD4 lymphocytes |
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Hypersensitivity reactions |
allergic reactions, IgE mediated anaphylactic shock, severe systemic reaction, severe life threatening |
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Immune complex hypersensitivity |
Immune complex mediated, antigen combines with antibody forms immune complexes, deposited in tissue or blood vessel walls |
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auto immune disorders |
occur when the immune system can not distinguish between self and non self antigens |
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Lupus |
Immune complexes, anti-dna antibody are deposited into tissues, vasculitis, butterfly rash |
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benign tumors |
differentiated cells, encapsulated, tissue damage, grow fast, don't infiltrate, metastisize or spread, mechanical cause of cell damage |
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malignant |
undifferentiated, non functional cells, rapid reproduction, infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissue, spread to distant site-metastisize, it can be life threatening, not encaspulated |
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warning signs of cancer |
anything unusual, unexplained, change or persistant |
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metastasis |
spread to distant sites, via lymph or blood or other body fluids, ex-carcinoma of the colon spreads to the liver |
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down syndrome |
high risk with increased maternal age |
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dominant |
need only one copy, affected or have disease, no carrier, 1upper case and 1lower case have disease ex. Hh disease |
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recessive |
need 2 copies, is a carrier, 1 upper and 1 lower is a carrier, 2 lower case, affected or have disease ex. Tt-carrier tt- disease |
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x-linked |
recessive, usually effects boys, only have to have 1 lower case to have disease ex. XHXh-carrier XhY-disease |