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112 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

atrophy

decrease in cell size


ex.-cast, exercise

hypertrophy

increase in cell size


example-heart,prostate

hyperplasia

increased number of cells (not size)


ex.- thyroid

metaplasia

mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type


ex.-gurd, smoking

dysplasia

disorganized, cells vary in shape and size within a tissue


ex.-cervix, precancerous



neoplasia

new growth, malignant tumor

anaplasia

cell loses its purpose

apoptosis

cell death, 2 main reasons, ischemia and hypoxia

ischemia

blood clot, reduced blood supply

hypoxia

decrease ATP production, going to effect sodium and potassium, water will follow into cell and rupture cell

Cell damage- physical damage

excessive heat or cold


ex. heat strokes and frost bite

cell damage-mechanical damage

pressure or tearing of tissue

Cell damage-chemical toxins

exogenous and endogenous

exogenous

from the environment


ex. carbon monoxide

endogenous

from inside the body


ex. free radicals

causes of cell damage-microorganisms

infections

extracellular

outside the cell

intercellular

inside the cell

Extracellular has 2 compartments. What are they?

intravascular and interstitial

hydrostatic pressure

pushing into

osmotic

pulling

filtration

movement of water and solutes from blood to Interstitial fluid area

Antidiuretic hormone

promotes resorption of water into blood from kidney tubules


retain water

Aldosterone

reabsorbs water and sodium secretes potassium

Reason for Edema

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (pushing too much fluid into the interstitial space)

Reason for Edema

Decreased capillary osmotic pressure, not pulling enough fluid back into itself due to a loss of plasma protein (albumin), it is staying in the interstitial space

Reason for Edema

obstruction lymphatic circulation

Reason for Edema

Increased capillary permeability leak fluid into interstitial space, histamine inflammation, capillary gets huge and leaks fluid

Effects of Edema

swelling, pitting edema, increase in body weight

dehydration

insufficient body fluid resulting from inadequate intake or excessive loss or both, increase ADH(compensation mechanism)

causes of dehydration

vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating with loss of sodium and water

effects of dehydration

dry mucous membranes in mouth, decreased skin turgor or elasticity, confusion

sodium

transported in and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump, controlled by aldosterone in kidneys, osmotic pressure-only electrolyte to effect osmotic pressure

hyponatremia

low sodium

hyponatremia causes

excess water intake, excessive sweating vomiting, diarrhea

hyponatremia effects

muscle cramps, brain swell, cerebral edema, confusion

hypernatremia

excess sodium

hypernatremia causes

loss of water from the body, faster then the body can keep up with, same as dehydration

hypernatremis effects

brain cells shrink

Potassium

controlled by kidneys, if kidneys aren't working, potassium increases

hypokalemia

decreased potassium

hypokalemia causes

diarrhea, diuretic drugs, decreased dietary intake(alcoholics, eating disorders)

hypokalemia effects

cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, paresthesias "pins and needles"

hyperkalemia

increased potassium

hyperkalemia causes

renal failure

hyperkalemia effects

muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias

Hypocalcemia

low calcium

hypercalcemia

increased calcium

causes of hypocalcemia

hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, renal failure

effects of hypocalcemia

tetany, arrhythmias

hypercalcemia causes

hyperprathyroidism, malignant bone tumors, demineralization caused by immobility

normal serum pH range

7.35-7.45

compensation mechanisms

kidneys-most effective, but slowest, either excrete or hold things in




lungs-change respiratory rates

decompensation

compensation mechanisms are exceeded or fail


decompensation mechanisms don't fix the problem

Respiratory Acidosis


Why?

-too much acid


-increase in carbon dioxide


-reason for increase is breathing slowly(hypoventilating)

Respiratory Acidosis


Causes

-pulmonary disease(emphysema)


-airway obstruction


-opiate overdose

Respiratory Acidosis


Effects

-lethargy


-weakness


-death

Respiratory Acidosis


Compensation

kidneys-get rid of acid, retain bicarb

Metabolic Acidosis


Why?

-too much acid


-loss of bicarb

Metabolic Acidosis


Causes

-loss of bicarb(diarrhea)


-too much acid (DKA, renal disease, malnutrition)



Metabolic Acidosis


Effects

lethargy, weakness, dead

Metabolic Acidosis


Compensation

kidneys- get rid of acid, reatin base/bicarb


lungs-hyperventilate-breathe really fast to get rid of acid

Respiratory Alkalosis


Why?

loss of acid, decrease CO2, hyperventilation

Respiratory Alkalosis


Cause

excessive exercise, pain-severe, anxiety-panic attacks, fever, head injuries

Respiratory Alkalosis


Effects

restlessness, tetany, dead



Respiratory Alkalosis


Compensation

kidneys, get rid of base/bicarb, retain acid

Metabolic Alkalosis


Why



too much base/bicarb


loss of acid

Metabolic Alkalosis


Cause

loss of acid-vomiting, ng suctioning, too much base/bicarb, excessive ingestion of antacids

Metabolic Alkalosis


Effects

restlessness, tetany, dead

Metabolic Acidosis


Compensation

kidneys-get rid of base/bicarb, retain acid, lungs hypoventilate

First line of Defense

non-specific-unbroken skin and secretions

Second line of Defense

non-specific;phagocytosis

Third line of Defense

specific defense; sensitized t-lymphocytes

What is the primary cause of inflammation?

to remove injurous agents

Causes of inflammation

direct physical damage-cut,sprain


caustic chemicals-acid, drain cleaner


Ischemia or Infarction


Allergic reactions


Infection

Local effects of inflammation

redness and warmth, sweliing (capillary permeability), pain (bradykinins)

Systemic effects of inflammation

mild fever, leukocytosis, malaise, fatigue

classification of burns

depth of skin damage

effects of burn injury

hypovolemic shock, respiratory problems, infection, low blood pressure, capillary permeability, carbon, airway swelling



nosocomial infections

occur in health care facilities

direct contact

person to person, sexual activity, contact with infected blood or bodily secretions

indirect contact

food, inanimate object

droplet transmission

respiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual ex.-flu-surgical mask

Aerosol transmission

airborne-TB-N95 mask

Vector Borne

mosquitos-west nile

Control of Transmission and Infection

standard precautions used in all settings with all clients when body fluids may be exchanged

signs and symptoms of infection

pain, swelling, redness, warmth, fever, leukocytosis, fatigue

t-lymphocytes

cell mediated immunity

b-lymphocytes

humoral immunity

IgG

most common antibody, both primary and secondary immune responses

IgA

in secretions

IgE

Allergic response, release of histamine, results in inflammation

histamine

released from mast cells and basophils, particularly in allergic reactions

bradykinins

vasodialation, increased permeability, and pain

Active natural immunity

natural exposure to antigen, development of antibodies


ex.chickenpox

active artificial immunity

antigen purposely introduced to the body, stimulation of antibody production, immunization, booster immunization

passive natural immunity

IgG transferred from mother to baby, protection of infant for the first few months of life or until weaned.

passive artificial immunity

injection of antibodies, short term protection

Immunodeficiency

partial or total loss of one or more immune components, reccurent infections is #1 effect, also predisposed to opportunistic infections

AIDS

HIV destroys helper T cells CD4 lymphocytes

Hypersensitivity reactions

allergic reactions, IgE mediated


anaphylactic shock, severe systemic reaction, severe life threatening

Immune complex hypersensitivity

Immune complex mediated, antigen combines with antibody forms immune complexes, deposited in tissue or blood vessel walls

auto immune disorders

occur when the immune system can not distinguish between self and non self antigens

Lupus

Immune complexes, anti-dna antibody are deposited into tissues, vasculitis, butterfly rash

benign tumors

differentiated cells, encapsulated, tissue damage, grow fast, don't infiltrate, metastisize or spread, mechanical cause of cell damage

malignant

undifferentiated, non functional cells, rapid reproduction, infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissue, spread to distant site-metastisize, it can be life threatening, not encaspulated

warning signs of cancer

anything unusual, unexplained, change or persistant

metastasis

spread to distant sites, via lymph or blood or other body fluids, ex-carcinoma of the colon spreads to the liver

down syndrome

high risk with increased maternal age

dominant

need only one copy, affected or have disease, no carrier, 1upper case and 1lower case have disease


ex. Hh disease

recessive

need 2 copies, is a carrier, 1 upper and 1 lower is a carrier, 2 lower case, affected or have disease




ex. Tt-carrier tt- disease

x-linked

recessive, usually effects boys, only have to have 1 lower case to have disease




ex. XHXh-carrier XhY-disease