Patho

Front 1

Metaplasia from squamous to glandular

Back 1

Barrett Esophagus

Front 2

Metaplasia from glandular to squamous

Back 2

when mainstream bronchus psuedostratified epithelium differentiates into squamous from cigarette smoke

Front 3

Metaplasia from transitional to squamous

Back 3

Schistosoma haematobium infection in the bladder

Front 4

Glandular to other glandular

Back 4

by H. Pylori of the stomach

Front 5

mesenchymal metaplasia involving connective tissue

Back 5

when bone develops in an area of muscle trauma (not cancerous)

Front 6

Dysplasia

Back 6

disordered cell growth

*MAY develop into cancer if irritant is not removed

Front 7

Neoplasia

Back 7

benign growth that does not spread

Front 8

Teratoma

Back 8

derive from more than one germinal layer (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) and in a place where tumors dont usually grow.

(m/c ovaries, testes, pineal gland)

Front 9

Sites of squamous carcinoma

Back 9

oropharynx, upper/middle respiratory esophagus, lung, larynx, cervix, skin

Front 10

Sarcoma

Back 10

of mesodermal origin

derive from connective tissue

Front 11

sites of adenocarcinoma

Back 11

distal esophagus, ovaries, prostate, breast, pancreas, liver, kidneys, lung.

Front 12

Hemartoma

Back 12

non-neoplastic overgrowth of disorganized tissue.

non- malignant.

Front 13

Choristoma

Back 13

non-neoplastic normal tissue in a foreign area.

(brain tissue in nasal cavity, or pancreas tissue in the stomach for example)

Front 14

Malignant vs. normal cell content

Back 14

Malignant:

MORE: chromatin, ENLARGED Nucleus, free ribosomes

LESS: mitochondria, rough ER

Front 15

Acute inflammation

Back 15

vasoldilation --> increased permeability --> rolling of WBC (loose intermittent contact with endothelium) --> pavementing of WBC (tight constant contact with endothelium).

Transmigration --> WBC crossing the endothelium

Chemotaxis --> WBC drawn to site of inflammation.

Front 16

Hematoxylin & Eosin

Back 16

Hematoxylin: binds nucleic acids and calcium and stains from blue --> purple

Eosin: stains majority of proteins (intra and extra) from pink to red

*GOLD STNDRD Staining

Front 17

Cretinism

Back 17

congenital hypothyroidism

one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation*

delayed growth, thickened skin, enlarged tongue.

Front 18

Morquio syndrome

Back 18

mucopolysaccharidosis type IV and GAGS

when there is a deficiency in lysosomal enzymes for mucopolysaccharidosis and GAGs.

Inherites autosomal recessive*

Front 19

Congenital Osteopetrosis

Back 19

decreased number or decreased function of osteoclasts.

Can get deafness and vision loss

Front 20

Acquired Osteopetrosis

Back 20

excess fluoride, results in growth of dense but brittle bone

*Localized marble bone is cancerous (breast/ prostate)

Front 21

Types of malignant osteopetrosis

Back 21

1. Infantile malignant osteopetrosis: due to haematopoiesis (get hydrocephaly)

2. Autosomal dominant type I and II: due to cranial nerve impingment

3. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency: from inability to excrete hydrogen ions*

TREATMENT: bone marrow transplant, Gamma interferon, Calcitrol

Front 22

Progressive Diaphyseal Disease

Back 22

mutation of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1).

get short stature, delayed sexual development, leg pain, waddling gait (INCREASE ESR and ALP)

*resembles pagets radiographically

Front 23

Renal Osteodystrophy

Back 23

phosphate retention in kidney failure leads to hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism.

when failingkidney cannot convert 25 vit D to active form 1-25 vit D which causes further parathyroid secretion.

*will see subpereosteal reaction in hands

Front 24

Osteoid osteoma VS. Osteoblastoma

Back 24

Osteoid Osteoma: < 2cm, Tx. with Aspirin,

Osteoblastoma: > 2cm, NOT tx. with Aspirin

Front 25

Osteosarcoma

Back 25

usually from mutation of retinoblastoma gene

Front 26

Osteoma

Back 26

commonly a manifestation of the gardener syndrome of familial adenomateus polyposis

Front 27

Ewings sarcoma

Back 27

2nd m/c tumor in children

+ CD99

PNET

95% of ewings has translocation

Front 28

Fibrous Cortical Defect

Back 28

NOT a neoplastic process

Gene for G protein leading to excess production and activation of cAMP

*if it is 5-6cm = Non-ossifying fibroma

Front 29

Pyrophosphate Arthropathy

Back 29

Pseudo-gout or chondrocalcinosis

elderly

calcium pyrophosphate crystals mimic true gout but can complicate true gout

associated with hyperthyroidism and hemochromatosis.

Front 30

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Back 30

Most common soft tissue sarcoma*

pleomorphic histologically.

Front 31

Botryoid Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 31

in children, grape-like tumor mass most common in hollow structures.

Front 32

Leiomyosarcoma

Back 32

maignant smooth muscle tissue, females more than males. Affects uterus, GI, stomach most commonly.

common in retroperitoneum (s/s)

Front 33

Satellite Cells

Back 33

stimulate growth, repair and maintenance in damaged SKELETAL mm. (NOT cardiac)

Front 34

What two complications arise from Muscular dystrophy

Back 34

Respiratory or cardiac insufficiency --> death

Front 35

Lambert Eaton Syndrome

Back 35

similar manifestation as myasthenia gravis with aCh receptors but this one leads to small cell lung carcinoma.

Front 36

Spinal muscular atrophy - SMA

Back 36

99% of people with this lack the SPN1 gene.

occurs after cystic fibrosis.

Type I: werdnig - they die within 1st year of life

Type II: intermediate

Type III: kugelberg

Front 37

3 cancers associated with polyomyositis

Back 37

Lung

Bladder

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

Front 38

Hemosiderosis

Back 38

accumulation of iron without any resultant side effects

Front 39

Hemochromatosis

Back 39

accumulation of iron in parenchymal cells with resulting side effects. can be hereditary or acquired.

Front 40

Congo red will stain what color to identify amyloid?

Back 40

apple green

Front 41

Stroma

Back 41

non- neoplastic supportive tissue

Front 42

Dystrophic Calcium

Back 42

normal calcium amount, but only in ABNORMAL tissues.

Front 43

Hemachromatosis

Back 43

Iron in the Parenchymal cells - side effects include Congestive heart failure, diabetes and liver cirrhosis.

Front 44

Amyloidosis

Back 44

Accumulation and deposition of abnormal protein in soft tissue and organs in extracellular tissue.

Front 45

Morquio syndrome

Back 45

autosomal recessive

deficiency in lysosomal enzymes: MPS and GAGs.

Front 46

Progressive diaphyseal disease

Back 46

mutation in the TGFB1 - transforming growth factor beta 1.

*looks like pagets disease radiographically.

Front 47

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Back 47

mutation in the Type I collagen

Severe forms: get multiple fx and die in womb

Mild form: osteoporosis or severe post-menopausal mineral loss

Type I: decreased pro-alpha I collagen and abnormal pro-alpha 1 OR 2 collagen

Type II: pro-alpha 1 collagen or produce unstable triple helix - die in utero

*get blue sclera, hearing loss, fractures, short stature.

Front 48

RENAL Osteodystrophy

Back 48

inability of the kidneys to convert 25-OH to active form 1-25 OH, leading to more Parathyroid secretion = Hyperparathyroidism (same presentation)*.

low phosphate leads to low calcium and increased PTH.

***KEY: sub-pereosteal bone formation in the hands