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362 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute pain has a _____ onset
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sudden
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acute pain lasts....
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<6 months
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acute pain is relieved when...
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stimulus is removed
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4 types of acute pain
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parietal
somatic visceral referred |
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chronic pain is _____ or _______
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persistant or intermittent
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chronic pain lasts
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>6 months
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with chronic pain why is HR, BP, and respiratory rate all normal?
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the body compensates with long term pain
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if chronic pain is intermittent then s/s can be...
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acute
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what are 5 physiologic responses to chronic pain?
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depression
difficulty sleeping eating preoccupation with pain social-cultural influence |
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prognosis for chronic pain?
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not likely to see complete relief
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course of acute vs chronic pain....
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acute suffering decreases over time, chronic suffering increases over time
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pain threshold
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lowest intensity that a stimulus is percieved as painful
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Tolerance
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amount of time or intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiating treatment
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pain tolerance is influenced by what 4 things?
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cultural perception
expectations role behaviors physical and mental health |
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pain tolerance increases with what 6 things?
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alcohol consumption
medication hypnosis warmth distraction activities strong faith beliefs |
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what 6 things decrease in the elderly to affect temperature regulation?
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Decreased....
blood circulation heat-producing activities shivering response metabolic rate thirst, nutrition peripheral sensation; heat and cold |
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what skin changes affect temp regulation in the elderly?
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structural and functional skin changes
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strabismus
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deviation of one eye while focusing on an object (lazy eye)
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amblyopia
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reduced vision in affected eye
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diplopia
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double vision
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what is the primary symptom of strabismus
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double vission
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nystagmus
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involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes
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nystagmus is caused by...
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imbalanced reflex activity of inner ear
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how do you test for nystagmus?
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test c 6 cardinal eye movements
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Normal Intraocular pressure is...
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12-20 mm Hg
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3 types of glaucoma....
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open angle
angle closure congenital |
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Open angle glaucoma is typically uni, or bilateral?
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bilateral
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what is the leading cause of blindness?
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open angle glaucoma
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open angle is glaucoma is caused by...
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outflow obstruction of aqueous humor...does not drain from the canal
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open angle glaucoma is typically....
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inherited
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angle closure glaucoma is the displacement of....
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the displacement of iris toward the cornea
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angle closure glaucoma is caused by...
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obstruction of aueous humor from anterior chamber
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angle closure glaucoma has a ____ onset
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sudden
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what symptoms are seen with angle closure glaucoma?
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pain and visiual disturbance
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congenital glaucoma is....
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associated with other anomalies
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Macular Degeneration is...
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severe and irreversible loss of vision
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What are the risk factors for MD? (3)
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HTN
Cigarette smoking DM |
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when is the typical onset of macular degeneration?
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>60 yrs
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what are the 2 types of macular degeneration?
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atrophic (dry)
neovascular (wet) |
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Atrophic macular degeneration causes...
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limited night vision and difficulty reading
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neovascular (wet) macular degeneration cuases
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loss of central vision
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neovascular (wet) macular degeneration is caused by (4)
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leakage of blood or serum
retinal detachment fibrovascular scarring loss of photoreceptors |
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why is neovascular (wet) so critical?
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risk of hemorrage
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alterations in accommodation are caused by...
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changes in thickness of the lens
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accommodation is needed for what kind of vision?
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clear vision
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presbyopia
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age related loss of accommodation; occular lens becomes larger, firmer and less elastic
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what is related to accommodation?
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presbyopia
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what is the most common type of visual problem?
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refraction
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3 types of refraction...
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myopia
hyperopia astigmatism |
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myopia
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nearsighted (can see close not far)
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hyperopia
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farsighted
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astigmatism
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unequal curvature of cornea
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3 types of refraction problems
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myopia
hyperopia astigmatism |
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in Conductive hearing loss, hearing is impaired from _______ to _______ ear
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outer to inner
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what are 3 possible causes of Conductive hearing loss
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impacted cerumen
foreign body tumor (external) |
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clinical s/s of Conductive hearing loss
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diminished hearing and soft speaking voice
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sensorineural hearing loss is...
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impairment of the organ of Corti or its central connections
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presbycusis
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age related hearing loss
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most common form of sensorineural hearin gloss
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presbycusis
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what happens in presbycusis?
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atrophy of the basal end of organ of corti
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what are 3 bacterium that could cause otitis externa?
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pseudomonas, E. Coli, Staph
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otitis externa occurs after...
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prolonged exposure to moisture
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most ocmmon infection of outer ear....
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otitis externa
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what ind of drainage occurs with otitis externa?
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clear and purulent
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what can be obstructed with otitis externa?
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ear canal
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what is the most common infection of children and infants?
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otitis media
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3 bacterium that can cause otitis media
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strep
haemophilus moraxella catarrhalis |
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tympanic membrane is ____ c otitis media
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inflamed
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3 system sins of otitis media
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pain
fever irritability |
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otitis media causes fluid in the _____ ____
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middle ear
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hyposmia
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impaired sense of smell
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anosmia
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complete loss of smell
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parosmia
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abnormal/perverted sense of smell
( smelling the opposite of what you really should smell) |
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olfactory hallucinations
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smelling something that isn't really there
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hypogeusia
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decreased taste sensation
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ageusia
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absence of taste
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parageusia
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substances possess an unpleasant flavor
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parageusia is typical with....
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chemo
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how many points are possible on the glasgow coma scale?
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15
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glasgow coma scale assess...
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level of consciousness
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what 3 areas does the glasgow coma scale assess?
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eye opening
motor response verbal response |
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Initiating signs usually of focal cerebral dysfunction compressing or displacing
is common in... |
Supratentorial mass lesions compressing or displacing the diencephalons or brain stem
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Signs of dysfunction progress rostral to caudal in....
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Supratentorial mass lesions compressing or displacing the diencephalons or brain stem
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Neurologic signs at any given time point to one anatomic area (e.g., diencephalon, mesencephalon, medulla)
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Supratentorial mass lesions compressing or displacing the diencephalons or brain stem
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assymetric motor signs are common in...
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Supratentorial mass lesions compressing or displacing the diencephalons or brain stem
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History of preceding brain stem dysfunction or sudden onset of coma
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Infratentorial mass of destruction causing coma
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Localizing brain stem signs precede or accompany onset of coma and always includeoculovestibular abnormality
is a manifestation of... |
Infratentorial mass of destruction causing coma
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Cranial nerve palsies usually manifest “bizarre” respiratory patterns that appear at onset in...
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Infratentorial mass of destruction causing coma
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Confusion and stupor commonly precede motor signs in what type of coma?
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metabolic coma
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Motor signs usually are symmetric
in what type of coma? |
metabolic coma
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pupillary reactions usually are preserved
in what type of coma? |
metabolic coma
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Asterixis, myoclonus, tremor, and seizures are common in what type of coma?
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metabolic coma
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Acid-base imbalance with hyperventilation or hypoventilation is common in what type of coma?
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metabolic coma
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Lids close actively and
Pupils reactive or dilated (cycloplegics) in what coma state? |
psychiatric unresponsiveness
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Oculocephalic reflexes are unpredictable; oculovestibular reflexes are physiologic (nystagmus is present) in what coma state?
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psychiatric unresponsiveness
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Motor tone is inconsistent or normal in what state of coma?
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psychiatric unresponsiveness
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hyperventilation or eupnea is common in what state of coma?
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psychiatric unresponsiveness
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No pathologic reflexes are present
in what type of coma? |
psychiatric unresponsiveness
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lectroencephalogram (EEG) is normal
in what type of coma? |
psychiatric unresponsiveness
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rate, rhythm, and pattern of breathing help evaluate...
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level of brain dysfunction and coma
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what 3 responses of the oculomotor system change with varying levels of brain dysfunction?
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resting
spontaneous reflexive eye movements |
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dolls eyes phenomenon
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eyes should turn the opposite direction that the head is turned
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negative dolls eyes phenomenon
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eyes do not turn together
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absent dolls eyes phenomenon
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eyes do not turn at all when head is turned
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normal oculovestibular reflex
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conjugate eye movement
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abnormal oculovestibular reflex
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disconjugate or asymmetric eye movements
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absent response with oculovestibular reflex
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no eye movements
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4 different pathologic reflexes
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grasp reflex
snout reflex palmomental reflex suck reflex |
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first critereum for brain death
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completion of all appropriate and therapeutic procedures
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what type of coma is a criteria for brain death?
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unresponsive coma ( no motor or reflex movements
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brain death in regards to breathing...
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no spontaneous respiration
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eye criteria for brain death 2 and pupils
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no ocular responses to head turning or caloric stimulation
dilated, fixed pupils |
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EEG criteria for brain death
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isoelectric (flat) EEG (electrocerebral silence)
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how long do respiratory, ocular, and EEG s/s have to persist for a person to be declared brain dead?
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for 30 minutes to 1 hour and for 6 hours after onset of coma and apnea
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what kind of alteration is there in brain function c a seizure?
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sudden transient alteration in brain function
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seizure is a suddent, explosive, disorderly discharge of.....
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cerebral neurons
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movement related with seizures
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contract- relax (tonic-clnoic)
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epilepsy
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seizure with no underlying correctable cause
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a seizure is any disorder that alters....
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neuronal environment
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what type of lesions are etiological for seizures?
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cerebral lesions
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biochemical disorders can lead to...
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seizures
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what type of trauma can lead to seizures?
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cerebral trauma
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myoclonic syndromes can cause...
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seizure
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metabolic defects, postnatal injury, infection and fever are all possible causes of....
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seizures
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3 kinds of partial epileptic seizures
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simple
complex secondarily generalized |
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simple partial epileptic seizure
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no loss of consciousness
focal motor disruption |
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complex partial epileptic seizures
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impaired consciousness, psychomotor
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secondarily generalized partial epileptic seizures
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partial onset evolving to generalized seizure
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3 types of generalized epileptic seizures
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petit mal
grand mal drop attack |
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petit mal generalized epileptic seizure
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absense, myoclonic, clonic, tonic
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grand mal epileptic seizure
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tonic-clonic
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drop attack
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atonic
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Aura
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partial seizure preceding onset of generalized seizure
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prodroma
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early clnicial s/s: malaise, HA sense of depression hours or days before onset of seizure
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tonic
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state of muscle contraction with excessive tone (prolonged)
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clonic
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state of alternating contraction with relaxation of muscles ( usually rapid)
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Postictal phase
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time period immediately following the cessation of seizure activity
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agnosia
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recognition failur of objects or persons (tactile, visual, or auditory)
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Dysphasia
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impairment of comprehension or production of language
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aphasia
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loss of comprehension or production of language
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what is lost with dysphasia?
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comprehension and use of symbols (written or veral)
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data processing deficits (2)
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agnosia
dysphasia |
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what is the leading cause of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults?
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alzheimer disease
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alzeihmers disease affects how many americans ?
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5 million
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risk of alzheimers increases c....
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age
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pathology of alzheimers
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cartical atrophy and loss of neurons, particularly parietal and temporal lobes (senile plaques)
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the presence of what is significant in alzheimers?
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amyloid containing neuritic plagues and "neurofibrillary tangles"
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what decreases in associateion with alzheimers?
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choline acetyltransferase activity
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stage 1 alzheimers lasts...
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2-4 years
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stage 1 alzheimers consists of...
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memory loss, subtle personality changes, disorientation to time an place
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stage 2 alzheimers lasts...
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several years
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stage 2 alzheimers is known as the...
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confusion stage
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stage 2 alzheimers consists of
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impaired cognition, restlessness, agitation
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wandering (sundownder's sundrome) occurs in what stage of alzheimers ?
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stage 2
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repetitive behavior occurs in what stage of alzheimers ?
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stage 2
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stage 3 alzheimers is known as the
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terminal stage
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emaciation occurs in what stage of alzheimers ?
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3
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inability to communicate, bowel and bladder incontinence, and seizures occur in what stage of alzheimers ?
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3
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normal cranial pressure?
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5-15 mm Hg
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what are 4 possible causes of increased intracranial pressure?
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tumor growth, edema, excess CSF, hemorrhage.
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ICP does what to pulse pressure?
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widens
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ICP does what to HR?
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bradycardia
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ICP does what to levels of arousal
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decreases
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what does increased ICP do to pupils?
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makes them small and sluggish
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ICP causes Cerebral _____ and _______
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hypoxia and acidosis
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2 describtions of incrased ICP?
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subtle and transient
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increased icp causes episodic _____
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confusion
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increased ICP makes people
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restless and drowsy
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what is the prolonged risk of increased intracranial pressure?
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brain (ventricular) herniation
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Guillain- Barre
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lower motor neuron impairment extends proximal to affect nerve roots of neurons
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hyperkinesia
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excessive movements
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3 categories of hyperkinesia
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dyskinesias
paroxysmal dyskinesia tardive dyskinesia |
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dyskinesias
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type of hyperkinesia
abnormal involuntary movements |
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paroxysmal dyskinesias
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abnormal involuntary movements (spasms)
type of hyperkinesia |
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tardive dyskinesia
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inoluntary movement of face, trunk, and extremities
type of hyperkinesia |
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tardive dyskinesia is usually caused by...
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side effect of prolonged phenothiazine drug therapy
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hypokinesia
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loss of voluntary movement despite preserved conciousness and normal peripheral nere and muscle function
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akinesia
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decreased association and voluntary movements
type of hypokinesia |
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bradykinesia
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slowness of voluntary movements
type of hypokinsia |
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clinical s/s of hypokinesia
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expressionless face, stute-like posture, absensce of speech inflection, absence of spontaneous gestures
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parkinsons disease is a...
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degenerative disorder of basal ganglia function
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parkinsons disease is characterized of...
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progressive destruction of nigrostriatal pathway
subsequent reduction striatal concentrations of dopamine |
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first visible sign of parkinsons
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tremor
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3 cardinal signs of parkinson
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tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
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Rigidity
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resistance to movement throughout full ROM
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when is parkinsons rigidity most evident?
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during passive joint movement
-jerky, cogwheel |
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Cardinal manifestations of parkinson's re. water loss?
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uncontrolled sweating (ANS involvement) and salivation
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parkinsons s/s of walking...
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shuffling gait; short steps; stooped posture
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dementia occurs in what % of parkinson's pts?
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20%
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hypermimesis (R hemisphere injury)
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pathologic laughter
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hypermimesis (L hemisphere injury)
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pathologic crying
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hypomimesis
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manifests as aprosody (loss of emotional language)
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dypraxias/apraxias
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inability to perform purposeful or skilled motor acts
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what is absent with dyspraxias/apraxias?
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paralysis, sensory loss, abnormal posture and tone, abnormal involuntary movement, incoordination, or inattentiveness
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3 categories of injury
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mild concussion
classical cerebral concussion diffuse axonal injury |
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75-90% of head injuries are
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either mild concussion or classical cerebral concussion
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mild concussion
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temporary axonal disturbance affecting attention and memory
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conciousness is not lost c....
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mild concussion
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classical cerebral concussion
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physiologic neurologic dysfunction with substantial anatomic disruption
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is there loss of conciousness with classical cerebral concussion?
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immediate loss of consciousness lasting < 6 hours
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diffuse axonal injury make up what % of injuries?
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1/3 of injuries
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diffuse axonal injury
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prolonged traumatic coma longer than 6 hours
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8 warning signs after head trauma
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changes in LOC
seizures bleeding or watery discharge from nose/ears pupils slow to react/unequal blurred vision loss of sensation to any extremity slurred speech vomiting |
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spinal cord trauma patho forces
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compress tissues
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pull or exert traction ( tention) on tissues is a patho manifestation of...
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spinal cord injury
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shear tissues (sliding into one another) are patho manifestation of
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spinal cord injury
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where is the most common site of spinal injury?
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most mobile portion of vertebral column
c1 to c2 c4 to c7 t10 to l2 |
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where does activity cease with spinal injury?
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at and below level of injury
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spinal shock loses reflex function
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in all levels below lesion
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spinal shock lasts...
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7-20 days; up to 3 months
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spinal shock involves all....
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skeletal muscle *bladder, bowel, sexual function; autonomic control
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what causes disturbed thermal control with spinal shock?
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SNS damage
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when does spinal shock resolve?
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c return of reflex activity, hyperreflexia, spasticity, reflex emptying of bladder
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autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)
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post spinal shock
|
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autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) causes what cardio issues?
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massive, uncompensated cardiovascular response from SNS
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autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) is usually at...
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level T6 or above
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what is the most common cause of autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)?
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distended bladder or rectum
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autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) is...(severity)
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life threatening and requires immediate treatment
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what does autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) do to BP?
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paroxysmal hypertension (~300 mm Hg)
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Neuro affects of autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)?
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pounding headache, blurred vision nausea
|
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what is a herniated intervertebral disk?
|
nucleus pulposus herniating through tear in the annulus fibrosus
|
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what are 3 cuases of herniated intervertebral disk?
|
trauma
aging degenerative disorders of the spine |
|
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most common areas of herniated intervertebral disk
|
L4/L5
L5/S1 |
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occasional places for herniated intervertebral disk
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C6/C7
C5/C6 |
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what is torn with a herniated intervertebral disk?
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ligament and posterior capsule of disk
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how is the herniated intervertebral disk determined?
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by location, size, and amount of space in canal
|
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what is the first and most common sign of a herniated intervertebral disk?
|
pain
|
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what are signs associated with a lumbar herniated intervertebral disk?
|
radiating pain to hamstring and sole of foot
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ROM is ______ with herniated intervertebral disk
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limited
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4 ways to diagnose a herniated intervertebral disk
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H&P
muscle stregth and reflex testing straight leg test MRI/CT |
|
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what is the most frequently occurring neuro disorder?
|
cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
|
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what is the leading cause of disability in US?
|
cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke) is a....
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sudden, nonconvulsive focal neuro deficit. specific to an area
|
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke) is caused by....
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ischemic injury c or without infarction
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke) is sometimes...
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hemorrhagic
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke) is classified according to...
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pathophysiology
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global hypoperfusion (shock) is common in...
|
cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
|
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3 possible causes for cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
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ischemia
thrombotic or embolic hemorrhage |
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke) risk factors
|
HTN
smoking diabetes polycythemia and thrombocythemia |
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the presence of what is indicative of cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
|
lipoprotein-a
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impaired cardiac function can cause...
|
cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
|
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nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation is caused by...
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cerbrovascular accident (stroke)
|
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TIA (transient Ischemic Attack) is a precurrsor to...
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major stroke
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what changes are a result of TIA (transient Ischemic Attack)
|
vision
speech motor function |
|
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what are symptoms of TIA (transient Ischemic Attack)?
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dizziness and loss of consciousness
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TIA (transient Ischemic Attack) is caused by...
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platelet clumps or vessel narrowing with spasm
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TIA (transient Ischemic Attack) resides within...
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24 hours
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TIA (transient Ischemic Attack) is without...
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resideula dysfunction
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there is _____ brain injury with TIA (transient Ischemic Attack)
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no
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what causes an ischemic stroke (thrombotic)
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intracranial vessels are occluded with thrombi
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ischemic stroke (thrombotic) is common with...
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athersclerosis and inflammatory disease (arthritis) that damage arterial walls
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what are the 3 categories of ischemic stroke (thrombotic)
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transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
stroke in evolution completed stroke |
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what are clinical s/s dependant on for ischemic stroke (thrombotic)?
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dependent on artery obstructed
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an ischemic stroke (embolic) is caused by...
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fragments that break from thrombus formed outside the brain (heart, aorta, carotid)
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what are possible thrombus that can cause ischemic stroke?
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air, fat, tumors
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what is the 3rd most common cause of CVA (stroke)
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hemorrhagic stroke
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what are 5 possible causes of hemorrhagic stroke?
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HTN
ruptured aneurysm vascular malformation bleeding into tumor aticoag. disorders |
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clinical s/s of hemorragic stroke are...
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dependent on location and size of bleed
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hemorragic stroke is associated with (2...
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DM and HTN
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what size of bleed in the brain will cause a hemorragic stroke
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<1 cm
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hemorragic stroke involve..
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small perforating arteries
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hemorragic strokes are due to...
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subcortical location (pure motor and sensory deficits)
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headache, mental changes, aphasia, and agnosia are s/s of
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stroke
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incontinence, seizures, hemiparesis/hemiplagia and emotional liability are all s/s of
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stroke
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visual changes and apraxia are possible s/s of hemorragic
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stroke
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Meningitis is caused by what 5 things?
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bacteria
virus (aseptic) fungus parasites toxins |
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what type of bacterial infection can cause meningitis?
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primary infection
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what 4 areas can be affected in bacterial meningitis?
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pia mater and arachnoid
subarachnoid ventricular system CSF |
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what 2 bacertium can cause bacterial meningitis?
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neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae
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what are systemic clinical manifestations of bacterial meningitis?
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fever, tachycardia, chills, petechial rash
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what are neuro clinical manifestations of bacterial meningits?
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throbbing HA
photophbia nuchal rigidity decreased LOC cranial nerve palsies focal deficits |
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viral meningitis is limited to...
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meninges
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what 3 things can cause viral meningitis?
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enteroviral viruses, mumps, herpes simplex I
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what are the 3 clinical s/s of viral meningitis?
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MILD generalized HA
photophobia neck stiffness |
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fungal meningitis is...
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chronic; develop slowly and insidiously
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2 fungus' that can cause viral meningitis?
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cryptococcosis
aspergillosis |
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clinical s/s of fungal meningitis?
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dementia
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Multiple sclerosis is the destruction of...
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CNS myelin sheath
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Multiple sclerosis spares...
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peripheral nervous system
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onset of Multiple sclerosis
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20-50 years
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male/female ratio for Multiple sclerosis
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1:2
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what is the leading cause of neuro disability in early adulthood?
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Multiple sclerosis
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exacerbations and remissions are common in
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Multiple sclerosis
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manifestations of Multiple sclerosis are dependent on....
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location and extent of lesion
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optic nerve, speech swallowing, muscle strength, gait/coordination, and balance are all symptoms of...
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Multiple sclerosis
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Multiple sclerosis presents with (3)
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acute parasthesias
optic neuritis (cloudiness) diplopia |
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muscle weakness/ spasticity, fatigue, intention tremors/ataxia is caused by
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Multiple sclerosis
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dysarthria/dysphagia, diplopia/nystagmus, decreased vision/hearing acuity, tinnitus, bowel and bladder dysfunction are all signs of...
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Multiple sclerosis
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bowel and bladder dysfunction and cognitive changes (memory loss, judgment impairment)
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Multiple sclerosis
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myasthenia gravis is a...
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chronic autoimmune disease
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myasthenia gravis affects...
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neuromuscular junction
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what is afected at the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis?
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acetylcholine
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what kind of onset does myasthenia gravis have?
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insidious onset
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what are s/s of myasthenia gravis?
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muscle weakness and fatigability
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what is the first muscular weakness in myasthenia gravis?
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neck
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diplopia, ptosis, and acular palsies occur in....
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myasthenia gravis
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what are 4 common clues to musculoskeletal woes?
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deformity
edema pain throbbing |
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complete fracture
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bone is broken all the way through
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incomplete fracture
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bone is damaged, but still in one piece
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open(compound) fracture
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skin is broken
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closed fracture
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skin is closed
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bone healing (A)
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bleeding at broken ends of the bone
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what happens after the broken ends of the bone bleed?
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hematoma formation
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bone healing (B)
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organization of hematoma into fibrous network
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bone healing (C)
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invasion of osteoblasts, lengthening of collagen
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what happens after (C) the invasion of osteoblasts and lengthing of collagen in a bone break?
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deposition of calcium
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bone healing (D)
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callus formation, new bone is built up as osteoclasts destroy dead bone
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bone healing (E)
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remodeling is accomplished as excess callus is reabsorbed and trabecular bone is laid down
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CLinical s/s of fracture
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unilateral alignment
swelling muscle spasm tenderness, pain impaired sensation decreased motility |
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complication of fracture
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non-union
delayed union malunion |
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non union
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failure of bone ends to grow together (common c illness and diabetes)
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delayed union
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union that does not occur for 8-9 months after injury
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average amount of time for fracture to heal
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4-6 wks
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malunion
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healing of bone with incorrect anatomic position
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strain
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tear in tendon
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sprain
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ligament tear
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avulsion
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complete separation from tendon or ligament from bone
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55% osteoporosis pts are...
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55+
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osteoporosis
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bone tissue is mineralized but the mass (density) is decreased
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what is impaired with osteoporosis?
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structural integrity of trabecular bone
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cortical bone in osteoporosis
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porous and thin and prone to fractures
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normal bone density according to WHO
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>833 mg/cm
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osteopenia values according to WHO
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833-648 mg/cm
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osteoporosis values according to WHO
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<648 mg/cm
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in osteoporosis...
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old bone is absorbed faster than new bone is formed (problem is that new bone is not adequatly formed)
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what are the most common clinical signs of osteoporosis?
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pain and bone deformity
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paget disease is a state of...
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increased meatbolic activity
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paget disease is caused by abnormal and excessive...
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bone remodeling -> thickened bone
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what are the 6 most commonly affected bones in paget disease??
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vertebrae, skull, sacrum, sternum, pelvis, femur
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the cause of paget disease?
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unknown but strong genetic component
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paget disease is often...
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asymptomatic
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paget disease skull...
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assymetrical
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imparied motor function, deafness, atrophy of optic nerve, AMS, dementia, and decreased sesory are all s/s of
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paget disease
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what is the most prevlent form of bone disease?
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osteoarthritis
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osteoarthritis is the...
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degeneration and loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints
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what are 2 types of osteomyelitis?
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exogenous and endogenous
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exogenous osteomyelitis?
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open fractures, penetrating wounds, surgery
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endogenous osteomyelitis
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staphyloccoccus aureus
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osteomyelitis
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infectious bone disease from bacteria
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what are 3 contributors to osteomyelitis?
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-multiple microscopic channels in bone tissue
- microcirculation vulnerable to damage -limited capacity to replae bone destroyed by infection |
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what are 3 pathologic characteristics of osteoarthritis?
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erosion of articular cartilage
sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) |
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pain with osteoarthritis occurs in what joints?
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weight bearing or load bearing
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nocturnal pain often occurs in
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osteoarthritis
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what is the most important factor associated with osteoarthritis?
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aging
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what are commonly affected joints of osteoarthritis?
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hand, wrist, neck, hip, knees, ankles, feet
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osteophytes are...
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bone spurs
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osteophytes are common with...
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osteoarthritis
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crepitus and grinding joints are common in...
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osteoarthritis
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long term mechanical stress is a risk factor for...
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osteoarthritis
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diabetic neuropathy
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pain and proprioceptive reflexes diminished or lost
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diabetic neuropathy is a risk factor for...
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osteoarthritis
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rheumatoid arthritis is a....
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systemic autoimmune disease
polyarticular |
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rheumatoid arthritis...
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chronic inflammation of connective tissue (primarily joints)
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in rheumatoid arthritis neutrophils...
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become activated, degrading surface layer of articular cartilage
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in rheumatoid arthritis cytokines...
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cause chondrocytes to attack cartilage
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with rheumatoid arthritis synovium....
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digests neary cartilage
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rhumatoid arthritis is...
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insidious
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what are the general systemic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
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inflammation (fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, generalized aching and stiffness
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what are the local manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis?
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joint pain, stiffness, swelling, sclerosis of subchondral bone and new bone formation, RA nodules
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Gout
|
inflammatory response in relation to uric acid production or excretion
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what are the results of gout?
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hyperuricemia
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what happens to all of the uric acid produced by gout?
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it either crystalizes or is deposited in connective tissue
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