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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The release of cytokines, IL4, IL5 and IL2, do what to the cell cycle
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they remove cell cycle inhibitors and thereby, promote cell differentiation
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2 characteristics of terminally differentiated cell
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functionally mature, lose ability to divide
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Gene affected by a mutation that turns the gene ON
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proto-oncogene
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Gene affected by a mutation that turns the gene OFF
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tumor-suppressor gene
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Examples of cell function that are potential targets of oncogenes
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DNA repair, cell-cycle control, transcription, signal-transduction, senescence, apoptosis
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BRCA-1, BRCA-2, RB, P53
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examples of tumor-suppressor genes
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PDGF, FGF
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examples of proto-oncogenes
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BRCA-1, BRCA-2
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DNA repair, tumor suppressor genes; mutations increase risk of all cx's
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What percentage is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer when BRCA-1 experiences a mutation
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80-90%
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RB, P53
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cell-cycle inhibitors, tumor-suppressor genes
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What tumor-suppressor gene, if discovered in surplus amounts, triggers apoptosis
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P53
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Ability for cancer cells to grow and divide regardless of whether there are signals for growth and division
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autonomy
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Ability to resist differentiation
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anaplasia
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Adhesion protein that adheres cells to their neighbors in a tissue
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fibronectin
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Division stops once a certain cell density is reached
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density-dependent growth
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What type of oncogenes are typically inherited mutations
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tumor-suppressor genes
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Viruses that insert an oncogene into a genome, example
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direct oncogenic virus, HPV
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Viruses that create an environment that favors cancerous growth, example
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indirect oncogenic virus, HIV
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Examples that allow progression and promotion to occur once initiation of transformation has already taken place
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infectious immune system, chronic inflammatory response,
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High Grade =
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undifferentiated cells + high turnover rate
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Grading measures...
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malignancy or aggressiveness of cancer
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Staging measures...
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degree of spread
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Why don't malignant tumors displace surrounding tissues the way benign tumors do?
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they don't coexist with surrounding tissues, instead, they are invasive, they secrete digestive lysosomes, and they eat surrounding cells
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What condition stimulates angiogenesis of a tissue
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slight hypoxia
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Adenocarcinoma, origin
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glandular epithelial tissue
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Carcinoma, origin
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epithelial cells
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Sarcoma, origin
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supportive or connective tissue cells
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Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels are all examples of what kind of tissue? Cancers that originate here are considered what type of cancer?
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supportive or connective tissue, sarcomas
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Lymphoma, origin
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blood and BM cells
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Glioma and astrocytoma, origin
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glial cells, astrocytes
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Melanoma, origin
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melanocytes
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Skin cancer
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basal and squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas
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Which form of skin cancer is most aggressive and often forms distant metastases
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melanomas
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Lung cancer, origin
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squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas
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Two explanations for the aggressiveness and common metastasis of lung cancers
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rich in blood supply and lymphatic flow
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Colon cancer, origin
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adenocarcinoma, epithelial carcinoma
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Breast cancer, origin
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adenocarcinoma
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What hormone is associated with increased risk of breast cancer
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prolonged exposure to estrogen
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What period in a woman's life is often associated with increased risk of breast cancer
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early menopause
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Cervical cancer, origin
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carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
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Percentage of cervical cancers linked to HPV infection
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70%
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Endometrial cancer, origin
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carcinoma, mostly adenocarcinoma
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Who is most vulnerable to endometrial cancer
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post-menopausal women
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Hallmark sign of endometrial cancer
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bleeding that occurs 12mos after a woman's period has stopped
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Prostrate cancer, origin
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adenocarcinoma
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S&S's of BPH and Prostrate cancer
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urinary hesitancy, loss of bladder control, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, difficulty emptying bladder
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Ovarian cancer, origin
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carcinoma
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Why is chemo usually necessary after removal of a tumor r/t to ovarian cancer
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epithelial cancerous cells shed and seed themselves into peritoneal cavity
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1st sign of brain tumor
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increased ICP, seizures
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Primary brain tumors, origin
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glial cells, astrocytes
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