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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Physiology?
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Biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts; All the functions of a living organism or any of its parts
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What is Pathology?
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Causes of disease, their progression in the human body, how disease manifests, and methods for monitoring disease progression
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What is Pathophysiology?
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The study of:
-the physiology of disease -the alterations in function -the mechanisms of disease |
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Why study Pathophysiology?
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-To better understand how and why certain s/s appear
-To be able to make rational decisions about therapies to be used |
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What is the smallest functional unit at which most disease processes initiate their effect?
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The Cell
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What are the characteristics of a cell?
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-exchange materials with immediate environments
-obtain energy from nutrients -synthesize complex molecules replicate |
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Name atleast 5 cellular functions.
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-movement
-communication -conductivity -metabolic absorption -secretions -excretion -respiration -reproduction -growth |
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What part of the cell is responsible for making proteins?
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Ribosomes
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What part of the cell is responsible for packaging proteins and allows transportation?
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Golgi Complex
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What part of the cell is the harbinger of genetic material?
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Nucleus
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Peroxisomes and Lysosomes are responsible for what?
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Degrading substances in the cell that are no longer needed.
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What gives the cell its structure?
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Cytoskeleton
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What body tissue covers and lines body surfaces?
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Epithelial
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What body tissue forms functional components of glands?
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Epithelial
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How many types of body tissues are there?
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4
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What is the function of connective body tissue?
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-supports and connects body structure
-forms bones, joint structures, blood cells, intracellular substances, etc. |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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-skeletal
-smooth -cardiac |
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What are nerve body tissues designed for?
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Communication processes
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Name the 3 type of Cell Junctions.
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-continuous tight junctions
-adhering junctions -gap junctions |
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What is the main function of continuous tight junctions? Name an example.
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to prevent leakage from a lumen into intercellular space, acts as a seal (i.e.) intestine
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Which cell junction acts as a bolt between cells and allows expansion without separation?
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Adhering junctions
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Which cell junction links cytoplasms of neighboring cells, allowing communication between cells? Name 2 examples.
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Gap junctions (ie) cardiac and smooth muscle cells
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What is the cell membrane composed of?
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-phospholipids
-proteins -carbohydrates -channels -pores -receptors |
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What is the name of the fuzzy-looking layer surrounding the cell surface?
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Glycocalyx aka cell coat
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What does the glycocalyx participate in?
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cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion
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Hydrophilic heads are part of what?
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Outer surface of the lipid bilayer
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What does hydrophilic mean?
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water "loving"
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Hydrophbic heads are part of what?
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Inner portion of the lipid bilayer
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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water "hating"
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What do membrane proteins provide?
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signaling and transporting roles
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Name the 4 types of Cell Communication.
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-endocrine
-paracrine -autocrine -synaptic |
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Which type of cell communication secretes local acting chemical mediators?
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Paracrine
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Which type of cell communication allows the shutdown of cell secretion?
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Autocrine
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What is the function of endocrine cells?
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Secrete hormones into the blood to work on target cells elsewhere
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Neurotransmitters are an example of what type of cell communication?
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Synaptic
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Name the 3 ways cell communicate via receptors.
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-through gap junctions
-bind to cell membrane receptors -pass through cell membrane (direct gene activation) |
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Many cell communications are ______ linked.
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Enzyme
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What type of proteins are capable of binding specific molecules?
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Receptors
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What is a First Messenger?
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Extracellular chemical messenger acting through a receptor (i.e.) hormone, neurotransmitter
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What is a Second Messenger?
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Transduces signal within the cell.
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What are the 2 parts of the signaling cascade?
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-first messenger
-second messenger |
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What are the 2 possible ways to move across a cell membrane?
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-passive movement
-active movement |
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What are 2 types of passive movement?
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-diffsusion (including osmosis)
-facilitated diffsusion |
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Which type of passive movement does the body function?
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facilitated diffusion
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What type of movement reaches equilibrium through spontaneous kinetic movement?
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diffusion
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Does passive movement require ATP?
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No
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Facilitated diffusion is also known as what?
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mediated transport
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Name the 3 types of facilitated diffusion.
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-uniport
-symport -antiport |
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Which type of facilitated diffusion moves down a concentration gradient?
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Uniport
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Symport does what?
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Sodium and glucose combine to move across cell membrane. It is a cotransporter
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What is antiport?
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the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
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What is the movement against a concentration gradient?
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Active movement
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Name one type of primary active transport.
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Na/K pump - Na out and K in
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What are the 2 types of Secondary Active transport?
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-co-transporter
-counter transport |
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What makes an excitable cell membrane?
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distribution of charge
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What is the separation of charge that allows potential energy to be accumulated?
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Membrane polarization
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What is the release of energy that allows work to occur?
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Membrane depolarization
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Is the whole cell positively or negatively charged?
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It's NEUTRAL!
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What is an action potential?
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a rapid change in membrane potential caused by a sudden change in the permeability of ions across the membrane
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How are action potentials generated?
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by ion channels
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Which type of ion channel is also known as a leak channel?
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Non-gated channels
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Binding of _______ results in channel opening and ion movement.
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Ligands
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Name the 3 types of ion channels.
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-non gated channels
-ligand gated channels -voltage gated channels |
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Channels are ________ for specific inorganic ________ and _______.
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-selective
-cations -anions |
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Ligand activated channels stay shut until what happens?
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ligand binds to channel
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What are the 2 types of cell metabolism?
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-anabolism
-catabolism |
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What cell metabolism breaks down?
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catabolism
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What cell metabolism builds up?
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anabolism
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What is ATP made up of?
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1 adenosine and 3 phosphates
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What is ATP?
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the energy that maintains ions, pumps, channels, etc.; helps maintain homeostasis
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What is the name of the backbone of ATP?
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ADP
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In which type of glycolysis does glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvate and phosphate intermediates?
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Anerobic glycolysis
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How much ATP is formed in anaerobic glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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How much ATP is formed in aerobic glycolysis?
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36 ATP
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What is needed to prevent pyruvate from turning into lactic acid?
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Oxygen
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Is cell injury reversible or permanent?
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mostly reversible
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Cells adapt to changes in internal environment by changing what 3 things?
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-size
-number -cell type |
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What does "-trophy" mean?
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to nourish or grow
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What does "-plasia" mean?
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to form or develop
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What is the active process of growing smaller cells?
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atrophy
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What is the process of growing bigger cells?
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hypertrophy
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What is hyperplasia?
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to form more cells
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What is metaplasia?
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to form different cell types
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What is the formation of irregular cells?
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dysplasia
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Name 3 conditions that can cause atrophy.
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-disuse
-denervation -aging -malnutrition -ischemia or decrease in blood flow |
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Name 3 types of hypertrophy.
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-physiologic
-pathologic -compensatory |
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Give an example of physiologic hypertrophy.
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exercise causing bigger skeletal muscle cells
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Give an example of pathologic hypertrophy.
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obstruction of urine outflow causing thickening of bladder wall
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Give an example of compensatory hypertrophy.
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removal of one kidney causing enlargement of remaining kidney
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What does amitotic mean?
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No cell division.
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Does hypertrophy happen in amitotic or mitotic cells?
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amitotic cells
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Give examples of all 3 types of hyperplasia.
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-physiologic - hormones during pregnancy that increase breast size
-compensatory - liver regeneration after partial removal -pathologic - too much estrogen causing a proliferating endometrium and abnormal menses |
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What are the causes of metaplasia?
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chronic irritation and inflammation
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What is dysplasia a strong indicator of?
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Cancer
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What causes dysplasia?
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chronic irritation and inflammation and/or exposure to teratogen
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Name the systemic manifestations of cellular injury.
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-fever
-malaise -increased HR -pain -increased WBCs |
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What are some causes of cell injury?
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-trauma
-radiation -chemicals -biologic agents -nutritional imbalances |
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What are the 2 mechanisms of cell injury?
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-free radicals
-hypoxia |
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Cell swelling and cellular accumulations are examples of what type of cell injury?
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reversible cell injury
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What happens in irreversible cell injury?
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critical drop in ATP, loss of calcium homeostasis
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What causes cellular death?
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acute or chronic stress exceeds the ability of a cell to adapt or repair itself
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Name 2 types of cellular death.
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-necrosis
-apoptosis |
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Apoptosis is....
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death of a single cell in a region
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