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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Physiology?
Biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts; All the functions of a living organism or any of its parts
What is Pathology?
Causes of disease, their progression in the human body, how disease manifests, and methods for monitoring disease progression
What is Pathophysiology?
The study of:
-the physiology of disease
-the alterations in function
-the mechanisms of disease
Why study Pathophysiology?
-To better understand how and why certain s/s appear
-To be able to make rational decisions about therapies to be used
What is the smallest functional unit at which most disease processes initiate their effect?
The Cell
What are the characteristics of a cell?
-exchange materials with immediate environments
-obtain energy from nutrients
-synthesize complex molecules
replicate
Name atleast 5 cellular functions.
-movement
-communication
-conductivity
-metabolic absorption
-secretions
-excretion
-respiration
-reproduction
-growth
What part of the cell is responsible for making proteins?
Ribosomes
What part of the cell is responsible for packaging proteins and allows transportation?
Golgi Complex
What part of the cell is the harbinger of genetic material?
Nucleus
Peroxisomes and Lysosomes are responsible for what?
Degrading substances in the cell that are no longer needed.
What gives the cell its structure?
Cytoskeleton
What body tissue covers and lines body surfaces?
Epithelial
What body tissue forms functional components of glands?
Epithelial
How many types of body tissues are there?
4
What is the function of connective body tissue?
-supports and connects body structure
-forms bones, joint structures, blood cells, intracellular substances, etc.
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac
What are nerve body tissues designed for?
Communication processes
Name the 3 type of Cell Junctions.
-continuous tight junctions
-adhering junctions
-gap junctions
What is the main function of continuous tight junctions? Name an example.
to prevent leakage from a lumen into intercellular space, acts as a seal (i.e.) intestine
Which cell junction acts as a bolt between cells and allows expansion without separation?
Adhering junctions
Which cell junction links cytoplasms of neighboring cells, allowing communication between cells? Name 2 examples.
Gap junctions (ie) cardiac and smooth muscle cells
What is the cell membrane composed of?
-phospholipids
-proteins
-carbohydrates
-channels
-pores
-receptors
What is the name of the fuzzy-looking layer surrounding the cell surface?
Glycocalyx aka cell coat
What does the glycocalyx participate in?
cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion
Hydrophilic heads are part of what?
Outer surface of the lipid bilayer
What does hydrophilic mean?
water "loving"
Hydrophbic heads are part of what?
Inner portion of the lipid bilayer
What does hydrophobic mean?
water "hating"
What do membrane proteins provide?
signaling and transporting roles
Name the 4 types of Cell Communication.
-endocrine
-paracrine
-autocrine
-synaptic
Which type of cell communication secretes local acting chemical mediators?
Paracrine
Which type of cell communication allows the shutdown of cell secretion?
Autocrine
What is the function of endocrine cells?
Secrete hormones into the blood to work on target cells elsewhere
Neurotransmitters are an example of what type of cell communication?
Synaptic
Name the 3 ways cell communicate via receptors.
-through gap junctions
-bind to cell membrane receptors
-pass through cell membrane (direct gene activation)
Many cell communications are ______ linked.
Enzyme
What type of proteins are capable of binding specific molecules?
Receptors
What is a First Messenger?
Extracellular chemical messenger acting through a receptor (i.e.) hormone, neurotransmitter
What is a Second Messenger?
Transduces signal within the cell.
What are the 2 parts of the signaling cascade?
-first messenger
-second messenger
What are the 2 possible ways to move across a cell membrane?
-passive movement
-active movement
What are 2 types of passive movement?
-diffsusion (including osmosis)
-facilitated diffsusion
Which type of passive movement does the body function?
facilitated diffusion
What type of movement reaches equilibrium through spontaneous kinetic movement?
diffusion
Does passive movement require ATP?
No
Facilitated diffusion is also known as what?
mediated transport
Name the 3 types of facilitated diffusion.
-uniport
-symport
-antiport
Which type of facilitated diffusion moves down a concentration gradient?
Uniport
Symport does what?
Sodium and glucose combine to move across cell membrane. It is a cotransporter
What is antiport?
the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
What is the movement against a concentration gradient?
Active movement
Name one type of primary active transport.
Na/K pump - Na out and K in
What are the 2 types of Secondary Active transport?
-co-transporter
-counter transport
What makes an excitable cell membrane?
distribution of charge
What is the separation of charge that allows potential energy to be accumulated?
Membrane polarization
What is the release of energy that allows work to occur?
Membrane depolarization
Is the whole cell positively or negatively charged?
It's NEUTRAL!
What is an action potential?
a rapid change in membrane potential caused by a sudden change in the permeability of ions across the membrane
How are action potentials generated?
by ion channels
Which type of ion channel is also known as a leak channel?
Non-gated channels
Binding of _______ results in channel opening and ion movement.
Ligands
Name the 3 types of ion channels.
-non gated channels
-ligand gated channels
-voltage gated channels
Channels are ________ for specific inorganic ________ and _______.
-selective
-cations
-anions
Ligand activated channels stay shut until what happens?
ligand binds to channel
What are the 2 types of cell metabolism?
-anabolism
-catabolism
What cell metabolism breaks down?
catabolism
What cell metabolism builds up?
anabolism
What is ATP made up of?
1 adenosine and 3 phosphates
What is ATP?
the energy that maintains ions, pumps, channels, etc.; helps maintain homeostasis
What is the name of the backbone of ATP?
ADP
In which type of glycolysis does glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvate and phosphate intermediates?
Anerobic glycolysis
How much ATP is formed in anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP
How much ATP is formed in aerobic glycolysis?
36 ATP
What is needed to prevent pyruvate from turning into lactic acid?
Oxygen
Is cell injury reversible or permanent?
mostly reversible
Cells adapt to changes in internal environment by changing what 3 things?
-size
-number
-cell type
What does "-trophy" mean?
to nourish or grow
What does "-plasia" mean?
to form or develop
What is the active process of growing smaller cells?
atrophy
What is the process of growing bigger cells?
hypertrophy
What is hyperplasia?
to form more cells
What is metaplasia?
to form different cell types
What is the formation of irregular cells?
dysplasia
Name 3 conditions that can cause atrophy.
-disuse
-denervation
-aging
-malnutrition
-ischemia or decrease in blood flow
Name 3 types of hypertrophy.
-physiologic
-pathologic
-compensatory
Give an example of physiologic hypertrophy.
exercise causing bigger skeletal muscle cells
Give an example of pathologic hypertrophy.
obstruction of urine outflow causing thickening of bladder wall
Give an example of compensatory hypertrophy.
removal of one kidney causing enlargement of remaining kidney
What does amitotic mean?
No cell division.
Does hypertrophy happen in amitotic or mitotic cells?
amitotic cells
Give examples of all 3 types of hyperplasia.
-physiologic - hormones during pregnancy that increase breast size

-compensatory - liver regeneration after partial removal

-pathologic - too much estrogen causing a proliferating endometrium and abnormal menses
What are the causes of metaplasia?
chronic irritation and inflammation
What is dysplasia a strong indicator of?
Cancer
What causes dysplasia?
chronic irritation and inflammation and/or exposure to teratogen
Name the systemic manifestations of cellular injury.
-fever
-malaise
-increased HR
-pain
-increased WBCs
What are some causes of cell injury?
-trauma
-radiation
-chemicals
-biologic agents
-nutritional imbalances
What are the 2 mechanisms of cell injury?
-free radicals
-hypoxia
Cell swelling and cellular accumulations are examples of what type of cell injury?
reversible cell injury
What happens in irreversible cell injury?
critical drop in ATP, loss of calcium homeostasis
What causes cellular death?
acute or chronic stress exceeds the ability of a cell to adapt or repair itself
Name 2 types of cellular death.
-necrosis
-apoptosis
Apoptosis is....
death of a single cell in a region