Path1.1Adaptations And Accumulations

Front 1

Hyperplasia definition

two types of physiologic hyperplasia with examples of each

Back 1

increase in cell number

Hint 1

Hormonal- female breast tissue

Compensatory- post partial hepatectomy

Front 2

Cellular response to physiologic hyperplasia

Back 2

inc growth factos --> intracellular signaling ptw --> transcriptional regulators --> cell cycle regulation

Front 3

Main cause of physiologic hyperplasia?

Back 3

hormones:
estrogen (from fat/therapy) -->
androgens-->
chronic infections-->

Hint 3

- endometrial hyperplasia
- prostatic hyperplasia
- follicular lymphoid hyperplasia

Front 4

(T/F) Pathogenic Hyperplasia of the endometrial tissue of the uterus is irreversible.

Back 4

False- all physiologic hyperplasias are reversible as long as the stressor is removed

Front 5

Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?
endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia

Back 5

endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia

Front 6

Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?

Back 6

Normal early secretory phase endometrium

Front 7

Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?

Back 7

physiologic hyperplastic prostatic glandular epithelium

Front 8

Name this tissue. Normal or abnormal? If abnormal, how so?

Back 8

endometrial pathogenic hyperplasia

Front 9

Define Hypertrophy

Cellular Mechanism?

Back 9

increase in cell size

Hint 9

increased transcription of structural and functional protein genes

Front 10

This image is an example of what?
What is the cause?

Back 10

pathogenic myocardial hypertrophy

Hint 10

Mechanical
- stretch
Trophic
- growth factors (IGF1)
- vasoactive agents angiotensin II & α adrenergics

Front 11

The image on the right is normal. What is represented by the image on the left?

Back 11

Uterine physiologic hypertrophy

Front 12

Which of the following are physiologic atrophy?

Denervation
thyroglossal duct
notochord
Decreased blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
ductus arteriosus
Loss of endocrine stimulation

Back 12

thyroglossal duct
notochord
ductus arteriosus

Front 13

How would you describe cerebral atrophy?

Back 13

narrowed gyri, widened sulci

Front 14

Chemical factors leading to atrophy? (in what type of state are you?)

What chemical opposes atrophy?

Back 14

catabolic state such as cachexia:

glucocorticoids
thyroid hormone
cytokines (TNF)

Hint 14

insulin

Front 15

(T/F) Metaplasia is an irreversible process

Back 15

False

Front 16

In what type of tissue can metaplasia occur?

Back 16

connective tissue- epithelium or stromal

Front 17

Vitamin A deficiency and epithelium

Back 17

inability to maintain a highly specialized surface (leads to metaplasia)
-->keratomalacia (thickening of conjunctiva of eye)
-->glandular to squamous transition in Lung

Front 18

consequence of a sialolith in the bile duct

Back 18

Glandular to squamous metatplasia

Front 19

classify this transition and tissue

Back 19

Pseudostratified, ciliated bronchial mucosa becomes Stratified squamous metaplastic mucosa

Front 20

Classify the tissue and the pathogenic process.

increases risk of?

Back 20

Barrett’s esophagus (note globlet cells)

Metaplasia - Squamous to columnar Glandular

Hint 20

Risk of Adenocarcinoma

Front 21

Two types of stromal metaplasia

Back 21

condroid (cartilage)

osseous (bone)

Front 22

(T/F) Metaplasia refers to a morphological change a cell to one more suited to the new microenvironment.

Back 22

False. Metaplasia refers to a morphological change in a TISSUE brought about by changes in the tissue's stem cells

Front 23

what are residual bodies?

Back 23

Undigested remnants (lipid, often) of Phagolysosomes. also called lipofuscin

Front 24

Heterophagy

Back 24

ingested extracellular material

Front 25

Autophagy

Back 25

digestion of cell’s own constituents

Front 26

immotile cilia syndrome may be due to?

Back 26

mitochondrial functional abnormalities

Front 27

What are Mallory Bodies?

Back 27

increased intermediate filament generation in hepatocytes following alcohol injury

Front 28

Name tissue and pathology.

Back 28

Glycogen storage disease (heart)

Front 29

Name tissue and pathology

Back 29

Liver- Hepatitis B viral products fill golgi

Front 30

Name tissue and pathology

Back 30

Hepatocytes- Mallory Bodies


Front 31

Name tissue and pathology.

Back 31

neurons- Neurofibrillary Tangles

Front 32

Name tissue and pathology

Back 32

hepatocytes- Alpha-1 antitrypsin mutation leads to impaired secretion of a1antitrypsin

Front 33

Name tissue and pathology

Back 33

Brain- Plaques

Front 34

Steatosis

Back 34

= Fatty Change = Intracellular Lipid Accumulation

Front 35

xanthomas

Back 35

macroscopic masses of lipid (chl & esters) bloated cells

Front 36

Name the tissue and pathogenesis.

Back 36

Steatosis, liver

Front 37

Name the tissue and pathogenesis.

Back 37

Steatosis, liver

Front 38

Name tissue and pathogenesis

Back 38

Cholesterolosis, gallbladder

Front 39

name tissue and pathogenesis

Back 39

Cholesterolosis, gallbladder

Front 40

Intensely red material represents what?

Back 40

intracellular accumulation of protein in proximal renal tubule.

Front 41

pick,blue, and fluorescent represents what? What type of tissue?

Back 41

Cardiac Amyloidosis- abnormal protein folding

Front 42

What is represented by the light blue circles? In what type of cells are they located?

Back 42

Russell Bodies (normal Ig's in massive #'s) in Plasma Cells

Front 43

dark pink dots represent? which tissue?

Back 43

Abnormal alpha-1 antitrypsin inclusions (abnormally synthesized protein) in hepatocytes

Front 44

Which of the following describes the calcification of cells/tissues following necrosis?

Metastatic
Neoplastic
Dystrophic
Hypercalcemic

Back 44

Dystrophic

Front 45

Causes of Metastatic Calcification?

Back 45

Hypercalcemia due to:

-elevated PTH
-caner (inc bone metabolism)
-renal failure
-vit D disorders