Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Function of the Respiratory System
|
To move air in and
out of the lungs! |
|
2 Divisions of the Respiratory System
|
Conducting portion –
lower respiratory Respiratory portion – upper respiratory |
|
Break down of the Respiratory System
|
Trachea
Right and Left Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchial Trees Bronchioles (Terminal Bronchioles) Alveoli Pulmonary Capillaries |
|
Differences Between the Right and Left Bronchus
|
The right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and wider in diameter WITH THREE (3) LOBES
The left bronchus is more horizontal and longer! WITH TWO (2)LOBES |
|
Physical Characteristics of the Lungs
|
Right Lung: 3 Lobes
Left Lung: 2 lobes The divisions of the lobes are called fissures Surrounded by a pleural cavity called (pleural space) |
|
2 Layers of the Serous Membrane
|
Visceral surface-
inner layer most closest to the lung surface. Parietal surface- outer portion of the lung surface |
|
PURPOSE FOR PLUERAL SPACE
|
To allow for movement of the lungs during breathing
|
|
HILUM - where is it located?
|
LOCATION: Medial surface of the lungs
|
|
What are the contents of the hilum?
|
Primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins enter the lungs
|
|
What is the cardiac notch?
|
The inner portion of the lungs that house the heart
|
|
RESPIRATORY ZONE
Number of alveolar ducts and sacs? |
500-700 million alveoli
|
|
Each alveolar duct contains?
|
Each alveolar duct contains a sac
|
|
Approximately how many alveoli in each alveolar sac?
|
Approximately 1-2 alveoli contained in an alveolar sac
|
|
The approximate actual surface area of the lung’s alveoli
|
70m² (750 ft²)
|
|
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY
|
1st determine how the radiograph was obtained
2nd Examine the following areas:Bones and soft tissue |
|
What are the two determining factors for how a radiograph was obtained?
|
Patient position and radiograph technique employed
|
|
Name the different patient positions
|
Upright vs. Supine
PA or AP projection Straight on vs. Rotated Inspiration vs. Expiration Motion-Voluntary or Involuntary |
|
what are some of the radiographic techniques that can be employed?
|
Proximity of the tube (Tube distance)
Underexposed vs. Overexposed Underpenetrated vs. Over penetrated Presence of Artifacts Mobile Unit vs. Conventional Unit |
|
When examining the bones and soft tissue (which includes the neck, shoulders and upper abdomen) when doing an exam of the respiratory system what should you look for?
|
Fractures
Rib notching Surgically absent breast Subcutaneous emphysema Sub diaphragmatic air Abnormal calcification Splenomegaly Goiter |
|
When doing a survey method of the mediastinum what pathology is examined for?
|
Deviations of airway
Constrictions of airway Dilation of great vessels Calcifications of great vessels Mass lesions Mediastinal shift |
|
Survey method and pathology of the heart?
|
Generalized or selective chamber enlargement
calcifications |
|
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the hilar region?
|
Adenopathy
Masses Pulmonary artery dilation Altered position because of lobar Atelectasis |
|
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the lungs
|
Distention of pulmonary vessels
Displacement of pulmonary vessels Infiltrates Masses Cavities |
|
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the pleura
|
Effusions
Pneumothorax Scarring calcifications |
|
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC SIZE AND CONTOUR
|
Age - Newborn VS. Adult
Respiration - Inspiration VS. Expiration Position - Erect VS. recumbent Body build - Body habitus Pregnancy-Near term VS.1yr after delivery |
|
What is the method that will be used to discuss the various disease processes in this class?
|
Name of disease
Description of disease Most common radiographic examination Possible radiographic appearance Exposure factor adjustment |
|
Infiltrates definition?
|
An abnormal pulmonary opacity with ill-defined margins; it is the accumulation in a certain place of substances or cell not normally present; caused by a mixture of normally aerated and infected lung lobules due to a bacterial infection
|
|
Infiltrates
*Common x-ray *Appearance *Exposure factor adjustment |
Common x-ray: PA and Lateral Chest
Appearance: White appearance, scattered opacity within normal lung tissue Exposure factor adjustment: usually not unless you know ahead of time |
|
Nodule or mass (granuloma) definition?
|
Dense opacity which is rather sharply delineated from surrounding aerated lung. Tumor and granulomas are the most common types. Can be one small node or a cluster of cells that adhere to each other
|
|
Nodule or mass (granuloma)
*Common x-ray *Appearance *Exposure factor adjustment |
Common x-ray: CXR, CT of Lungs
Appearance: Single irregular shadow or nodes throughout the chest Exposure factor adjustment: Generally none |
|
Atelectasis definition?
|
A condition in which the lungs or part of the lungs have collapsed. An airless condition of the lungs. It may be caused by obstruction of the bronchus or could be hyperventilation secondary to rib fx. (puncture of lungs
|
|
Atelectasis
*Common x-ray *Appearance *Exposure factor adjustment |
Common x-ray: CXR PA/Lat Inspiration and Expiration
Appearance: Radiodense lung regions with a shift of the heart and trachea in severe cases Exposure factor adjustment: Increase your technique |
|
Pneumothorax definition?
|
The presence of air in the pleural space that may cause partial or complete collapse of the lung. It may be caused by a perforation or tear in the chest wall or visceral layer due to trauma or pathologic condition
|
|
Pneumothorax
*Common x-ray *Appearance *Exposure factor adjustment |
Common x-ray: Erect PA and Lat Chest or lateral decubitus with affected side up.
Appearance: Lung seen displaced form chest wall, no lung markings Exposure factor adjustment: Decrease |
|
Pleural Effusion definition
|
Fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal layers
|
|
Pleural Effusion
*Common x-ray *Appearance *Exposure factor adjustment |
Common x-ray: Erect PA and lat Chest or lateral decubitus with affected side down.
Appearance: Increased radiodensity, air fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift. Exposure factor adjustment: Increase |
|
4 kinds of Pleural Effusion are?
|
Hydrothorax
Hemothorax Empyema Chylothorax |
|
define hydrothorax
|
a condition that results from serous fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity (linked with ascites – fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
|
|
define hemothorax
|
a condition that results from blood accumulating in pleural cavity
|
|
Define Empyema
|
a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity, such as the lung pleura. It must be differentiated from an abscess, which is a collection of pus in a newly formed cavity
|
|
Define Chylothorax
|
a plueral effusion from lymphatic fluid (chyle) accumulating in the pleural cavity
|
|
Common x-ray for pleural effusion
|
Erect PA and lat CXR/ lateral decubitus with affected side down.
|
|
Appearance of pleural effusion
|
Increased radiodensity, air fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for pleural effusion
|
Increase technique
|
|
Define Pleurisy
|
Inflammation of the pleura associated with pain and is aggravated on deep breathing or coughing.
|
|
Common x-ray for pleurisy?
|
PA and LAT Chest
|
|
Appearance of pleurisy on an x-ray?
|
Possible air-fluid levels or none with “dry pleurisy (pleuritis siccus
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for pleurisy?
|
generally none
|
|
Define bronchiectasis
|
Chronic dilation of the bronchus or bronchi usually in the lower portion of lungs caused by an long-standing infection
|
|
Common x-ray for bronchiectasis?
|
PA and lat chest with bronchogram or CT.
|
|
Appearance of bronchiectasis on a radiograph?
|
Radiodense lower lungs
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for bronchiectasis?
|
INCREASE technique!
|
|
Define Tuberculosis
|
An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) characterized by inflammatory infiltrates, abscess, calcification and necrosis of tissue. It is spread by airborne and associate with a chronic cough. 2 types—Primary and Reactivation
|
|
common x-rays done for tuberculosis?
|
PA and LAT Chest for primary and for Reactivation do AP lordotic chest along with PA and LAT
|
|
Appearance of tuberculosis on a radiograph?
|
For primary-small opaque spots throughout lungs and an enlarged hilar region. For reactivation—calcification regions with cavities in the area of upper lobes and apices with upward retraction of hila
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for tuberculosis?
|
none for primary and slight increase for reactivation
|
|
Define Emphysema
|
Pathological distention of interstitial tissue by gas or air. An abnormal increase of the size of airspace (over- aeration). Possible caused by a destruction of the alveolar walls. This condition is irreversible.
|
|
common x-ray for emphysema?
|
PA/LAT CXR
|
|
Appearance of emphysema on a radiograph?
|
Increased blackening, low diaphragms, radiolucent lung fields, increased lung dimensions, physically patient may have a barrel chest.
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for emphysema?
|
Significant decrease
|
|
Define Pleural Thickening
|
An increase in fluid in the pleural space. Secondary to fluid in the lung diseases
|
|
common x-ray for pleural thickening
|
PA and lat. Chest. Decubitus film to distinguish between thickening and free fluid
|
|
Appearance of pleural thicking on a radiograph?
|
Dense whitish line that follows the contour of the inner surface of the thoracic cage along the ribs
|
|
exposure factor adjustment for pleural thickening?
|
Slight increase
|
|
Define Cystic Fibrosis
|
Chronic lung disease where fibrous air sacs have developed throughout the lungs. May multiple body systems. It cause such things as frequent lung infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
|
Appearance of cystic fibrosis on a radiograph?
|
Increased radiodensities in specific lung regions. May take the shape of whitish rings of tissue throughout the lung region
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment with cystic fibrosis?
|
Increase with severe condition
|
|
Define Epiglottitis
|
An bacterial infection of the epiglottis. Most common in children ages 2 to 5. It is a serous condition can rapidly become fatal (within hours of onset) resulting from blockage of the airway by swelling
|
|
common x-ray for epiglottitis
|
Soft tissue lateral upper airway (preferably erect)
|
|
Appearance on a radiograph of epiglottitis?
|
Narrowing of upper airway at the epiglottis region
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for epiglottitis?
|
Soft tissue technique
|
|
Define croup
|
An acute viral disease of early childhood, usually form 6m to 3yrs. It is marked by a barking cough (seal-like) and varying degrees of respiratory distress.
|
|
Appearance of croup on an x-ray?
|
A smooth but tapered narrowing of the upper airway, most obvious on AP projection
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for croup?
|
For the airway soft tissue technique. For the chest no adjustment
|
|
Define aspiration and give an additional term for it?
|
AKA-Mechanical obstruction. This condition is described as a foreign object or substance goes into the air passage of the bronchial trees. It creates coughing or gagging upon entrance into the airway
|
|
common x-rays for aspiration
|
PA & LAT CXR AND
LAT Upper airway |
|
Appearance on a radiograph for an aspiration
|
Radiodense or radiopaque outline in the upper or lower airway region.
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for aspiration
|
For the airway soft tissue technique.
For the chest no adjustment. |
|
Define Pneumonia
|
An inflammation of the lungs resulting in an accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs creating increased radiodensities in these region
|
|
Name four different types of pneumonia?
|
Aspiration pneumonia; Bronchopneumonia;
Lobar pneumonia; Viral (interstitial) pneumonia |
|
appearance of pneumonia on an x-ray
|
Patchy infiltrate with increased radiodensity
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for pneumonia?
|
Increase technique
|
|
Define Bronchitis
|
An acute or chronic condition, in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi creating cough and shortness of breath. The chief cause is cigarette smoking. Infectious bronchitis is caused by viruses or bacteria
|
|
Appearance of bronchitis on an x-ray?
|
Hyperinflation (general radiolucency) and dominant lung markings of lower lungs
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for bronchitis?
|
Generally none
|
|
Define Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
|
COPD) a form of persistent obstruction of the airway as caused by either emphysema or chronic bronchitis (smoking is a predominant cause of COPD)
|
|
appearance on a x-ray for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
|
In mild cases it is usually undetectable on chest radiographs. In severe cases appears as emphysema (refer to appearance for emphysema)
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for COPD?
|
decrease technique
|
|
Define Pulmonary edema
|
A condition of excess fluid with the lungs most frequently caused by an obstruction of pulmonary circulation commonly associated with congestive hear failure (CHF). A common cause is coronary artery disease, in which blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted which causes a backup of blood in the lungs.
|
|
Appearance of pulmonary edema on a radiograph?
|
Increase diffuse radiodensity in hilar regions, and air-fluid levels
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for pulmonary edema?
|
Increase technique
|
|
Define Pneumoconiosis
|
Any disease of the respiratory tract owing to inhalation of dust particles (occupational disorder
|
|
Appearance of pneumoconiosis on an x-ray?
|
Multiple small, rounded, opaque nodules throughout the lungs. “Eggshell calcification”. ANP- “coal macules” around the bronchioles. ABSP-diffuse, small irregular or linear opacity in the lower lung and calcification in the diaphragm
|
|
Exposure factor adjustment for pneumocionosis?
|
increase technique
|
|
Define SILICOSIS
|
(SP) a respiratory disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust.
|
|
Symptoms of silicosis?
|
Chronic cough; Shortness of breath with exercise, usually in patients who have progressive massive fibrosis
|
|
Appearance of silicosis on an x-ray
|
multiple small rounded opaque nodules throughout lungs (eggshell calcifications)
|
|
define Anthracosis
|
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
|
|
Cause and symptoms of anthracosis?
|
due to deposition of anthracite coal dust in the lungs/ usually asymptomatic
|
|
Appearance of anthracosis on an x-ray?
|
Coal macules” develop around the bronchioles
|
|
Define Asbestosis and abbreviation
|
respiratory disease brought on by inhaling asbestos fibers
AsbP |
|
cause of asbestosis
|
respiratory disease brought on by inhaling asbestos fibers
|
|
Symptoms for asbestosis?
|
Chest pain; Cough; Shortness of breath on exertion (slowly gets worse over time
|
|
Appearance of asbestosis on a radiograph
|
diffuse, small irregular or linear opacities demonstrated in lower lung and diaphragmatic plural calcification
|