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104 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Function of the Respiratory System
To move air in and
out of the lungs!
2 Divisions of the Respiratory System
Conducting portion –
lower respiratory
Respiratory portion –
upper respiratory
Break down of the Respiratory System
Trachea
Right and Left Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchial Trees
Bronchioles
(Terminal Bronchioles)
Alveoli
Pulmonary Capillaries
Differences Between the Right and Left Bronchus
The right bronchus is more vertical, shorter and wider in diameter WITH THREE (3) LOBES
The left bronchus is more
horizontal and longer!
WITH TWO (2)LOBES
Physical Characteristics of the Lungs
Right Lung: 3 Lobes
Left Lung: 2 lobes
The divisions of the lobes are
called fissures
Surrounded by a pleural cavity called (pleural space)
2 Layers of the Serous Membrane
Visceral surface-
inner layer most closest to the lung surface.
Parietal surface-
outer portion of the lung surface
PURPOSE FOR PLUERAL SPACE
To allow for movement of the lungs during breathing
HILUM - where is it located?
LOCATION: Medial surface of the lungs
What are the contents of the hilum?
Primary bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins enter the lungs
What is the cardiac notch?
The inner portion of the lungs that house the heart
RESPIRATORY ZONE
Number of alveolar ducts and sacs?
500-700 million alveoli
Each alveolar duct contains?
Each alveolar duct contains a sac
Approximately how many alveoli in each alveolar sac?
Approximately 1-2 alveoli contained in an alveolar sac
The approximate actual surface area of the lung’s alveoli
70m² (750 ft²)
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY
1st determine how the radiograph was obtained
2nd Examine the following areas:Bones and soft tissue
What are the two determining factors for how a radiograph was obtained?
Patient position and radiograph technique employed
Name the different patient positions
Upright vs. Supine
PA or AP projection
Straight on vs. Rotated
Inspiration vs. Expiration
Motion-Voluntary or Involuntary
what are some of the radiographic techniques that can be employed?
Proximity of the tube (Tube distance)
Underexposed vs. Overexposed
Underpenetrated vs. Over penetrated
Presence of Artifacts
Mobile Unit vs. Conventional Unit
When examining the bones and soft tissue (which includes the neck, shoulders and upper abdomen) when doing an exam of the respiratory system what should you look for?
Fractures
Rib notching
Surgically absent breast
Subcutaneous emphysema
Sub diaphragmatic air
Abnormal calcification
Splenomegaly
Goiter
When doing a survey method of the mediastinum what pathology is examined for?
Deviations of airway
Constrictions of airway
Dilation of great vessels
Calcifications of great vessels
Mass lesions
Mediastinal shift
Survey method and pathology of the heart?
Generalized or selective chamber enlargement
calcifications
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the hilar region?
Adenopathy
Masses
Pulmonary artery dilation
Altered position because
of lobar Atelectasis
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the lungs
Distention of pulmonary vessels
Displacement of pulmonary vessels
Infiltrates
Masses
Cavities
SURVEY METHOD AND PATHOLOGY of the pleura
Effusions
Pneumothorax
Scarring
calcifications
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC SIZE AND CONTOUR
Age - Newborn VS. Adult
Respiration - Inspiration VS. Expiration
Position - Erect VS. recumbent
Body build - Body habitus
Pregnancy-Near term VS.1yr after delivery
What is the method that will be used to discuss the various disease processes in this class?
Name of disease
Description of disease
Most common radiographic examination
Possible radiographic appearance
Exposure factor adjustment
Infiltrates definition?
An abnormal pulmonary opacity with ill-defined margins; it is the accumulation in a certain place of substances or cell not normally present; caused by a mixture of normally aerated and infected lung lobules due to a bacterial infection
Infiltrates
*Common x-ray
*Appearance
*Exposure factor adjustment
Common x-ray: PA and Lateral Chest
Appearance: White appearance, scattered opacity within normal lung tissue
Exposure factor adjustment: usually not unless you know ahead of time
Nodule or mass (granuloma) definition?
Dense opacity which is rather sharply delineated from surrounding aerated lung. Tumor and granulomas are the most common types. Can be one small node or a cluster of cells that adhere to each other
Nodule or mass (granuloma)
*Common x-ray
*Appearance
*Exposure factor adjustment
Common x-ray: CXR, CT of Lungs
Appearance: Single irregular shadow or nodes throughout the chest
Exposure factor adjustment: Generally none
Atelectasis definition?
A condition in which the lungs or part of the lungs have collapsed. An airless condition of the lungs. It may be caused by obstruction of the bronchus or could be hyperventilation secondary to rib fx. (puncture of lungs
Atelectasis
*Common x-ray
*Appearance
*Exposure factor adjustment
Common x-ray: CXR PA/Lat Inspiration and Expiration
Appearance: Radiodense lung regions with a shift of the heart and trachea in severe cases
Exposure factor adjustment: Increase your technique
Pneumothorax definition?
The presence of air in the pleural space that may cause partial or complete collapse of the lung. It may be caused by a perforation or tear in the chest wall or visceral layer due to trauma or pathologic condition
Pneumothorax
*Common x-ray
*Appearance
*Exposure factor adjustment
Common x-ray: Erect PA and Lat Chest or lateral decubitus with affected side up.
Appearance: Lung seen displaced form chest wall, no lung markings
Exposure factor adjustment: Decrease
Pleural Effusion definition
Fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal layers
Pleural Effusion
*Common x-ray
*Appearance
*Exposure factor adjustment
Common x-ray: Erect PA and lat Chest or lateral decubitus with affected side down.
Appearance: Increased radiodensity, air fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift.
Exposure factor adjustment: Increase
4 kinds of Pleural Effusion are?
Hydrothorax
Hemothorax
Empyema
Chylothorax
define hydrothorax
a condition that results from serous fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity (linked with ascites – fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
define hemothorax
a condition that results from blood accumulating in pleural cavity
Define Empyema
a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity, such as the lung pleura. It must be differentiated from an abscess, which is a collection of pus in a newly formed cavity
Define Chylothorax
a plueral effusion from lymphatic fluid (chyle) accumulating in the pleural cavity
Common x-ray for pleural effusion
Erect PA and lat CXR/ lateral decubitus with affected side down.
Appearance of pleural effusion
Increased radiodensity, air fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift
Exposure factor adjustment for pleural effusion
Increase technique
Define Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura associated with pain and is aggravated on deep breathing or coughing.
Common x-ray for pleurisy?
PA and LAT Chest
Appearance of pleurisy on an x-ray?
Possible air-fluid levels or none with “dry pleurisy (pleuritis siccus
Exposure factor adjustment for pleurisy?
generally none
Define bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of the bronchus or bronchi usually in the lower portion of lungs caused by an long-standing infection
Common x-ray for bronchiectasis?
PA and lat chest with bronchogram or CT.
Appearance of bronchiectasis on a radiograph?
Radiodense lower lungs
Exposure factor adjustment for bronchiectasis?
INCREASE technique!
Define Tuberculosis
An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria) characterized by inflammatory infiltrates, abscess, calcification and necrosis of tissue. It is spread by airborne and associate with a chronic cough. 2 types—Primary and Reactivation
common x-rays done for tuberculosis?
PA and LAT Chest for primary and for Reactivation do AP lordotic chest along with PA and LAT
Appearance of tuberculosis on a radiograph?
For primary-small opaque spots throughout lungs and an enlarged hilar region. For reactivation—calcification regions with cavities in the area of upper lobes and apices with upward retraction of hila
Exposure factor adjustment for tuberculosis?
none for primary and slight increase for reactivation
Define Emphysema
Pathological distention of interstitial tissue by gas or air. An abnormal increase of the size of airspace (over- aeration). Possible caused by a destruction of the alveolar walls. This condition is irreversible.
common x-ray for emphysema?
PA/LAT CXR
Appearance of emphysema on a radiograph?
Increased blackening, low diaphragms, radiolucent lung fields, increased lung dimensions, physically patient may have a barrel chest.
Exposure factor adjustment for emphysema?
Significant decrease
Define Pleural Thickening
An increase in fluid in the pleural space. Secondary to fluid in the lung diseases
common x-ray for pleural thickening
PA and lat. Chest. Decubitus film to distinguish between thickening and free fluid
Appearance of pleural thicking on a radiograph?
Dense whitish line that follows the contour of the inner surface of the thoracic cage along the ribs
exposure factor adjustment for pleural thickening?
Slight increase
Define Cystic Fibrosis
Chronic lung disease where fibrous air sacs have developed throughout the lungs. May multiple body systems. It cause such things as frequent lung infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Appearance of cystic fibrosis on a radiograph?
Increased radiodensities in specific lung regions. May take the shape of whitish rings of tissue throughout the lung region
Exposure factor adjustment with cystic fibrosis?
Increase with severe condition
Define Epiglottitis
An bacterial infection of the epiglottis. Most common in children ages 2 to 5. It is a serous condition can rapidly become fatal (within hours of onset) resulting from blockage of the airway by swelling
common x-ray for epiglottitis
Soft tissue lateral upper airway (preferably erect)
Appearance on a radiograph of epiglottitis?
Narrowing of upper airway at the epiglottis region
Exposure factor adjustment for epiglottitis?
Soft tissue technique
Define croup
An acute viral disease of early childhood, usually form 6m to 3yrs. It is marked by a barking cough (seal-like) and varying degrees of respiratory distress.
Appearance of croup on an x-ray?
A smooth but tapered narrowing of the upper airway, most obvious on AP projection
Exposure factor adjustment for croup?
For the airway soft tissue technique. For the chest no adjustment
Define aspiration and give an additional term for it?
AKA-Mechanical obstruction. This condition is described as a foreign object or substance goes into the air passage of the bronchial trees. It creates coughing or gagging upon entrance into the airway
common x-rays for aspiration
PA & LAT CXR AND
LAT Upper airway
Appearance on a radiograph for an aspiration
Radiodense or radiopaque outline in the upper or lower airway region.
Exposure factor adjustment for aspiration
For the airway soft tissue technique.
For the chest no adjustment.
Define Pneumonia
An inflammation of the lungs resulting in an accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs creating increased radiodensities in these region
Name four different types of pneumonia?
Aspiration pneumonia; Bronchopneumonia;
Lobar pneumonia;
Viral (interstitial) pneumonia
appearance of pneumonia on an x-ray
Patchy infiltrate with increased radiodensity
Exposure factor adjustment for pneumonia?
Increase technique
Define Bronchitis
An acute or chronic condition, in which excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi creating cough and shortness of breath. The chief cause is cigarette smoking. Infectious bronchitis is caused by viruses or bacteria
Appearance of bronchitis on an x-ray?
Hyperinflation (general radiolucency) and dominant lung markings of lower lungs
Exposure factor adjustment for bronchitis?
Generally none
Define Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
COPD) a form of persistent obstruction of the airway as caused by either emphysema or chronic bronchitis (smoking is a predominant cause of COPD)
appearance on a x-ray for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
In mild cases it is usually undetectable on chest radiographs. In severe cases appears as emphysema (refer to appearance for emphysema)
Exposure factor adjustment for COPD?
decrease technique
Define Pulmonary edema
A condition of excess fluid with the lungs most frequently caused by an obstruction of pulmonary circulation commonly associated with congestive hear failure (CHF). A common cause is coronary artery disease, in which blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted which causes a backup of blood in the lungs.
Appearance of pulmonary edema on a radiograph?
Increase diffuse radiodensity in hilar regions, and air-fluid levels
Exposure factor adjustment for pulmonary edema?
Increase technique
Define Pneumoconiosis
Any disease of the respiratory tract owing to inhalation of dust particles (occupational disorder
Appearance of pneumoconiosis on an x-ray?
Multiple small, rounded, opaque nodules throughout the lungs. “Eggshell calcification”. ANP- “coal macules” around the bronchioles. ABSP-diffuse, small irregular or linear opacity in the lower lung and calcification in the diaphragm
Exposure factor adjustment for pneumocionosis?
increase technique
Define SILICOSIS
(SP) a respiratory disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust.
Symptoms of silicosis?
Chronic cough; Shortness of breath with exercise, usually in patients who have progressive massive fibrosis
Appearance of silicosis on an x-ray
multiple small rounded opaque nodules throughout lungs (eggshell calcifications)
define Anthracosis
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Cause and symptoms of anthracosis?
due to deposition of anthracite coal dust in the lungs/ usually asymptomatic
Appearance of anthracosis on an x-ray?
Coal macules” develop around the bronchioles
Define Asbestosis and abbreviation
respiratory disease brought on by inhaling asbestos fibers
AsbP
cause of asbestosis
respiratory disease brought on by inhaling asbestos fibers
Symptoms for asbestosis?
Chest pain; Cough; Shortness of breath on exertion (slowly gets worse over time
Appearance of asbestosis on a radiograph
diffuse, small irregular or linear opacities demonstrated in lower lung and diaphragmatic plural calcification