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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A LACERATION THAT CAUSES 10-15% UPPER GI BLEEDING. #1 CAUSE OF PROLONGED BLEEDING
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MALLORY- WEISS TEAR
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BLEEDING CHARACTERISTIC OF MALLORY-WEISS TEAR
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1. BLEEDING IS MILD TO MODERATE AND SURGERY NOT REQUIRED
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A SUBMUCOSAL VEINS IN LOWER ESOPHAGUS BULGE DUE TO PORTAL HYPERTENSION? # 1 CAUSE OF DEATH IN ADVANCED CIRRHOSIS
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ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
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ESOPHAGEAL VARICES ASSOCIATE W/
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AN UPPER GI BLEEDING ASSOCIATE W/ ALCOHOL
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AN UNCOMMON GI DISEASE WHICH MEAN FAILURE TO RELAX
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ACHALASIA
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AN UNCOMMON GI DISEASE WHICH MYENTERIC GANGLIA ABSENT AROUND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER? ESOPHAGEAL DILATED
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ACHALASIA
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MAJOR SYMPTOM FOR ACHALASIA
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DYSPHAGIA = INABILITY TO SWALLOW
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CHARACTERISTIC OF ACHALASIA
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INCREASED RISK OF ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
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A WEAK POINT IN MUSCLE CAUSES A PROTRUSION OF ORGAN OR STRUCTURE INTO ADJACENT AREA
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1. HERNIAS
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AREAS OF DIFFERENT HERNIAS
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1. HIATA HERNIA - STOMACH
2. BOWEL HERNIA OR INGUINAL HERNIA |
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AN EXTREMELY COMMON HERNIA OFTEN ASYMPTOMIC AND A RISK FOR GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
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1. HIATAL HERNIA
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A REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS
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1. GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
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TYPES OF HIATAL HERNIA
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1. SLIDING TYPE =90%
2. ROLLING TYPE=10% |
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A MORE COMMON TYPE OF HIATAL HERNIA WHICH OCCUR AT TOP OF STOMACH ATTACHED TO ESOPHAGUS HERNIATES UP THROUGH DIAPHRAGM
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1. SLIDING TYPE HIATAL HERNIA
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A TYPE OF HIATAL HERNIA WHICH A PORTION OF STOMACH NOT ATTACHED TO ESOPHAGUS HERNIATES UP NEXT TO ESOPHAGUS
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1. ROLLING TYPE HIATAL HERNIA
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PARAESOPHAGEAL TYPE OF HIATAL HERNIA
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1. ROLLING TYPE HIATAL HERNIA
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INFLAMMATION OF ESOPHAGUS THAT CAUSES HEARTBURN
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1. ESOPHAGITIS
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POSSIBLE AGENTS ASSOCIATE WITH ESOPHAGITIS
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1. FUNGI (CANDIDA)
2. VIRUS (HERPES) 3. BACTERIA 4. CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES (STOMACH CONTENTS) 5. DRUGS |
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TYPE OF DRUGS ASSOCIATE W/ ESOPHAGITIS
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1. ALCOHOL
2. SMOKING 3. CHEMO RX |
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#1 TYPE OF ESOPHAGITIS THAT IS COMMON AND CAUSED BY FREQUENT REFLUX OF STOMACH CONTENTS INTO ESOPHAGUS
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1. GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE ( GERD)
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REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS
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1. GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
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UNDERLYING CAUSE OF GERD
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1. INCOMPENTENT LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
2. HIATAL HERNIA 3. ABNORMAL ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY 4. INCREASED ACID/ PEPSIN LEVEL& BILE IN STOMACH |
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF GERD
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1. ALCOHOL USE
2. OVER WEIGHT 3. PREGNANCY 4. SMOKING |
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FOODS ASSOCIATED W/ GERD
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1. CITRUS FRUITS
2. CHOCOLATE 3. CAFFEINE 4. FATTY &FRIED FOODS 5. GARLIC & ONIONS 6 MINT FLAVORING 7. SPICY FOODS 8. TOMATO BASED FOODS, ( SPAGHETTI SAUCE, CHILI &PIZZA |
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SYMPTOMS OF GERD
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1. HEART BURN
2. FOODS STUCK IN THROAT FEELING 3. CHEST PAIN, MORNING HOARSENESS, TROUBLE SWALLOWING 4. STOMACH CONTENT REGURGITATE INTO ORAL CAVITY: ACID EROSION TEETH &BAD BREATH 5. DRY COUGH |
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TREATMENT OF GERD
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1. ANTACIDS
2. H2 BLOCKERS 3. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS 4. RAISE HEAD OF BED 6-8'' (inch) 5. NO FOOD 3-4 HRS B4 BED 6. AVOID TRIGGERS 7. STOP SMOKING, EtOH, LOSE WT 8. LOOSE CLOTHING |
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IF SYMPTOMS OF GERD PERSIST WHICH TEST USE TO RULE OUT MORE SERIOUS DISEASE
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1. BARIUM SWALLOW
2. UPPER ENDOSCOPY 3. PH TESTING 4. OCCASIONALLY SURGERY |
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PROGESSION OF GERD CAN LEAD TO
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1. BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
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TYPES OF METAPLASIA ASSOCIATE W/ BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
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1. GASTRIC
2. INTESTINAL |
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METAPLASTIC EPITHELIUM OF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS CAN BECOME
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1. DYSPLASTIC OR MALIGNANT
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WHICH CANCER IS SCREEN FOR IF BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS IS SUSPECTED THAT IS 30-40X HIGHER RISK
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ADENOCARCINOMA
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A FREQUENT PROLONGED GERD REFLUX LEAD TO
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1. REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS: 12% INFLAMMATION, HYPERPLASIA
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REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS LEAD TO
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1. BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: 5/12 METAPLASIA TO DYSPLASIA
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BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS LEAD TO
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1. ADENOCARCINOMA
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TYPES OF TUMOR MORE COMMON IN ESOPHGAUS
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1. MALIGNANT
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MALIGNANT TUMOR OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA 90%
2. ADENOCARCINOMA |
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PROGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT TUMOR
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1. RICH LYMPHATIC SUPPLY=EARLY
2. W DYSPHAGIA =LATE |
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (CA) OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. MALE > FEMALE NORTH AMER
2. OLDER ADULTS 3. BLACK>> WHITE 4. LOW IN NORTH AMERICA 5. HIGH IN : CHINA, IRAN, RUSSIA, SOUTH AFRICA 6. 50% IN MID 1/3 ESOPHAGUS |
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MOST COMMON CAUSE OF SQUAMOUS CELL CA AND #1 CAUSE IN NORTH AMERICA
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1. ALCOHOL
2. TOBACCO |
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OTHER CAUSES OF SQUAMOUS CELL CA
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1. DIET
2. P53 MUTATION IN 50% 3. ALCHALASIA, ESOPHAGITIS |
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DIET ASSOCIATE W/ SQUAMOUS CELL CA OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. FUNGAL CONTAMINATION=( AFALOTOXINS)- ASPERGILLUS
2. NITRITES& NITROSAMINES 3. DEFICIENCES OF VITAMINS, TRACE MINERAL |
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. MALE>40 AVE 60
2. RARE IN BLACK |
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MAJORITY CAUSE OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. ARISE IN BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS
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PATHOLOGY OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF ESOPHAGUS
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1. LOWER ESOPHAGUS
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MOST COMMON ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA IN THE MIDDLE ESOPHAGUS AND ASSOCIATED W/ SMOKING, EtOH, & DIET
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1. SQUAMOUS CELL CA
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A CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF MUSCLE OF PLYORIC SPHINCTER AND BLOCK EXIT OF STOMACH CONTENTS
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1. PYLORIC STENOSIS
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PROJECTILE VOMITING AT AGE 3-4 WEEKS
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1. PYLORIC STENONSIS
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HIGH INCIDENCE OF PYLORIC STENOSIS IS ASSOCIATE W/
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1. MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE:1 IN 300-900 BIRTHS
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PYLORIC STENOSIS IS CORRECTED BY
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1 SURGERY : MYOTOMY
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CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF MUCOSA
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1. CHRONIC GASTRITIS
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TYPE OF METAPLASIA ASSOCIATED W/ CHRONIC GASTRITIS
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1. INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
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WHICH CANCER METAPLASIA GIVES INCREASE RISK
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1. GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA
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# 1 CAUSE OF CHRONIC INFECTION IN CHRONIC GASTRITIS
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1. HELICOBACTER PYLORI
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A WAVY GRAM - BACILLUS, NON INVASIVE AND DAMAGE BY NEUTROPHILS
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1. HELICOBACTER PYLORI
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CHARACTERISTICS CHRONIC GASTRITIS & HELICOBACTER
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1. INFECT 2/3 OF ADULT
2. CONTAIN BACTERIAL ENZYME AND TOXIN |
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PARTIAL RESECTION OF STOMACH RESULTING IN LOSS OF PYLORIC VALVE CALLED
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1. POST GASTRECTOMY GASTRITIS
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STOMACH CONTENTS LEAK INTO DUODUENUM OR DUODENAL REFLUX ASSOCIATED W/
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1. POST- GASTRECTOMY GASTRITIS
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ACIDITY IN DUODENUM CAUSES
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1. CHRONIC GASTRITIS
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AUTOIMMUNE GASTRITIS ASSOCIATED W/
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1. AUTOANTIBODY TO INTRINSIC FACTOR AND PARIETAL CELLS
2. NO MANUFACTURE OF INTRINSIC FACTOR |
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A GASTRITIS THAT PERNICIOUS ANEMIA ASSOCIATE W/
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1. AUTOIMMUNE GASTRITIS
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A GASTRITIS THAT MAY CAUSE HEMORRHAGE OR EROSION OF SUPERFICIAL MUCOSA
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1. ACUTE GASTRITIS
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A TRANSIENT ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF MUCOSA
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1. ACUTE GASTRITIS
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PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE GASTRITIS
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1. HEAVY ALCOHOL & TOBACCO USE
2. HEAVY USED OF NSAID: ASPIRIN 3. CRITICAL ILLNESS ( SEPSIS, BURN, SHOCK. 4. MACHANICAL TRAUMA |
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A STRESS ULCERS WHICH CAN BE SINGLE OR MULTIPLE PUNCHED OUT ULCER AND SIMILAR TO ACUTE GASTRITIS
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1. ACUTE ULCERS
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PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCER MUST HAVE
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1. MUCOSAL EXPOSURE TO GASTRIC ACID AND PEPSIN ( NO ACID, NO ULCER)
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CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCERS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED W/
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1. HELICOBACTER
2. NON STEROID ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUG (NSAIDS) |
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LESSER LINKS OF CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCERS
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1. INCREASED ACIDITY
2. STRESS 3. SMOKING |
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CHRONIC GASTRITIS CAN PROCEED TO
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1. PEPTIC ULCER
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COMPLICATION OF PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
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1. HEMORRHAGE (MOST COMMON
2. HEMATEMESIS, MELENA, IRON DEFICIENCY 3. PENETRATION INTO PANCREAS 4. PERFORATION 5. CICATRIZATION |
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PENETRATION INTO THE PANCREAS ASSOCIATED W/
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ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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PERFORATION OF PEPTIC ULCER DISEASES ASSOCIATED W/
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PERTONITIS
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CICATRIZATION OF PEPTIC ULCER IS ASSOCIATED W/
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1. STENOSIS
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ULCER IN STOMACH THAT IS LESS COMMON
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1. GASTRIC ULCER
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EPIGASTRIC PAIN #1 SYMPTOM WHICH MAY BE ASYMPTOMATIC AND BLEEDING
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1. PEPTIC ULCERS
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TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCERS
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1. HELICOBACTER = ANTIBIOTIC
2. OF EXCESS ACID ACID : ACID SECRETION INHIBITOR |
