Path-Physical Injuries

Front 1

Abrasion

Back 1

superficial tearing of epidermis; rapid repair; heal w/o scarring

Front 2

Contusion

Back 2

collection of blood extravascularly; damage depends on location

Front 3

Hematoma

Back 3

collection of blood under skin

Front 4

Laceration

Back 4

sloppy cut (do not confuse with incision- intentional)

Front 5

avulsion

Back 5

tearing away of a large chunk of tissue

Front 6

Fracture

Back 6

bone OR rupture of outer membrane of body organ (eg. liver)

Front 7

Puncture

Back 7

small round holes in the skin

Front 8

Blast injuries

Back 8

(sudden increase or decrease in P)—can result in traumatic death
Air blast: P waves enter body orifices (lungs/GI tract can explode)
Water blast: same thing, but need less F in an explosion to cause same amt of damage as an air blast
Immersion blast: P waves act on body surfaces

Front 9

Caisson’s disease (decompression sickness):

Back 9

the bends & the chokes
Nitrogen or helium gas breathed under high P, rapid decompression, gaseous emboli in blood; ISCHEMIC NECROSIS(in brain, heart, etc)

Front 10

Frostbite

Back 10

- severe hypothermia (acute- freezing temps)
- damage from hypoxia & membrane rupture (cells freeze)

Front 11

Trench foot

Back 11

prolonged exposure to cold (chronic- non-freezing temps)

Front 12

Cold- localized injury--Mechanism

Back 12

vasoconstriction of periph capillaries in R. to cold
Prolonged vasoconstriction: ischemic damage to mm and nn
Vasomotor paralysis: capillary dilation & congestion: erythema

Endothelial cell damage; fluid loss (transudate), blistering

Thrombi, occluded vessels, ischemic necrosis, gangrene All happens in few hours w/ frostbite

Front 13

1st degree burn

Back 13

sunburn; erythema, some edema, some necrotic area; no scarring

Front 14

2st degree burn

Back 14

does not involve adnexal structures (sweat glands, etc)

blistering; erythema & edema; maybe scarring

Front 15

3rd degree burn

Back 15

full thickness burn of dermis & epidermis; involves adnexal structures; exudates not contained- common complication of infection of exudates: scarring common

Front 16

Escar

Back 16

tissue as a result of burns; attempt by the body to seal off the body

Front 17

Tx of Burns

Back 17

skin grafts (from ano area of person’s body, from cadaver, from lab)

Complication: abnormal scarring: viscious cicatrisation

Front 18

Body can be divided into _____ trunks to describe how much of body burned

Back 18

9%

Front 19

Heat cramps:

Back 19

dehydration (in conc in electrolytes causes cramping)

Front 20

Heat exhaustion:

Back 20

mm exhausted from cramping (from heat cramps)

Front 21

Heat pyrexia (heat stroke):

Back 21

dehydration; next step after heat exhaustion; heat goes to brain; metabolism can func at that temp- pass out

Front 22

Malignant hyperthermia

Back 22

Individual lacking an enzyme needed to metabolize some gaseous inhalants used during anesthesia --increased body temperature during surgery

Front 23

Electrical Injury

Back 23

Burns at site of entry and exit; damage depends on pathway takes through body
If electricity runs through areas of  conductivity (heart, etc): can be fatal
If runs through areas of high resistance, get burns

Front 24

2 forms of Ionizing Radiation Injury

Back 24

Electromagnetic Rays or Charged Particles

Front 25

Ionizing Radiation Injury

Back 25

-Transfers e to cells and hits DNA

-Radioresponsiveness of cells differ, higher in in cells with higher mitotic activity

-Exposure: varies w/ how close you are to the site of radiation

Front 26

Results of Ionizing Radiation Injury

Back 26

Hematopoietic syndrome: Low radiation doses; mild decrease of bone marrow and blood cells

GI syndrome: erosion and ulceration of GI mucosa

Cerebral syndrome: high dose of radiation; convulsions, coma, death

Front 27

Ionizing Radiation used as treatment for ________

Back 27

neoplasms

Front 28

Mechanism of Ionizing Radiation Injury

Back 28

--Cell changes: Nucleus swells (or in severe damage shrinks); vacuoles form; mitos become disorderly.
Vascular changes: Early: vascular dilation: see focal areas of necrosis in blood vessels
Late: vessel has scarring in medial areas—fibrosis & adhesions
Ectatic vessels