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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is canine cutaneous histiocytoma?
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commonly occurring spontaneously regression round cell tumors seen in purebred dogs at 3 years of age and younger
not transmissible |
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Where are the locations of cutaneous histiocytomas?
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head, ears and extremities
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What are the gross and histological appearances of histiocytomas?
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gross: appear red, nodular (solitary) occasionally ulcerative causing secondary bacterial infections (difficult to distinguish grossly)
Histo: granular chomatin and numerous mitotic figures |
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What breed is prediposed to Histiocytoma?
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Boxers
however Shar peis have a predilection for multiple lesions |
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What are histiocytoma known for?
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spontaneous regression
mechanism poorly understood but maybe due to cell mediated reaction |
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What are histiocytomas formed by
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specialied laugerhan cells
specialized dendritic cells that presents antigens from the epidermis to inflammatory cells |
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What are the treatment options for histiocytomas?
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wait it out - will most likely regress on its own
surgical removal |
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What is cutaneous lymphoma?
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rare hematopoietic neoplasm but when it is seen it is most common in equine
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What does cutaneous lymphoma look like on histo?
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infiltrative neoplasm with indistinct borders
eosinophilic cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei with finely stippled chromatin and variable nucleoli |
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What are the characteristics of cutaneous lymphoma?
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no age, breed, sex predilection
cutaneous form are T cell rich B cell lymphomas where mitotic figures are important |
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What is the prognosis of cutaneous lymphoma?
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poor
equine live about 18-48 months after diagnosis |
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How is cutaneous lymphoma diagnosed?
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fine needle aspirate of lesion
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What are the two types of cutaneous lymphoma?
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epitheliotropic (histiocytic) lymphoma
T cell cutaneous lymphoma |
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What is the treatment for cutaneous lymphoma?
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treatment not well documented but radiation is the treatment of choice
can also try chemo with or without excision, surgical excision or do nothing |
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What are mast cell tumors?
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tumors or granulation cell that affect dog between the ages of 7-9
cell release histamine in response to allergic reaction and inflammation |
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Where are mast cells tumors located?
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mostly on the trunk
extremities head |
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What is the etiological agent of mast cell tumors?
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mutation in c-KIT, virus, chronic inflammation, immunocompromised
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How are mast cells diagnosed?
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fine needle aspiration which is 96% diagnostic
can be determined after incision or excision biopsy of the tumor |
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How are Mast cell tumors categorized?
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based on differentiation, invasive, cellularity, morphology and mitotic index
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What markers do we see with mast cell tumors?
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AgNORs
Ki67 IMUD |
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What are the signs of mast cells?
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ulceration,erythemia, pruritus and localized edema
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What is the prognosis of mast cell tumors?
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poor if seen on the nail bed, oral cavity and muzzle
can be seen in inguinal region, prepeutial and perineal areas |
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What are plasmacytomas?
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solitary masses that when the are malignant originate from differentiated B lymphocytes
common in older, male animals especially yorkshire terriers |
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Where do you find extramedullary plasmacytomas?
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skin of the head and digits
lips, ears, chin and digits can progress to multiple myeloma - systemic with bone marrow involvement |
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How can you treat EMP?
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benign tumors can just be excised
treat with radiation, chemo, prednisone, and doxorubicin if surgical route does not work |
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How can you diagnose EMP?
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with IHC looking for CD79
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What are anaplastic soft tissue sarcomas?
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neoplasm that usually cause giant masses that are ulcerated and have multiple areas of necrosis
see plepmorphic and mitotoc figures on histo along with multinucleated giant cells |
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What are the treatment options for anaplastic soft tissue sarcomas?
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surgical excision with margins of normal tissue
irradation therapy Chemo amputation in aggressive tumors |
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How are soft tissue sarcomas categorized?
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By grading
looking at differentiation, mitotic figures and necrosis to add to grade if 3 or less = grade 1 4-5 = grade 2 greater than 6 = grade 3 |
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What are histocytic sarcomas?
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cells that originate from interstitial dendritic cells for antigen presenting
highly agressive and seen in bernese mountain dogs |
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What are the 2 forms of histiocytic sarcomas?
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local
disseminated |
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How are histiocytic sarcomas diagosed?
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by IHC
CD11C and MHC class II |
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Where can histiocytic sarcomas be found?
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spleen, liver, bone marrow and lung
can show a false IMHA poor diagnosis |
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What is osteosarcoma?
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a tumor in older large breed male dogs that originate from osteoblastic cells
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What are treatment options for osteosarcoma?
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limb removal
limb sparing surgery chemo radiation |
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Where are locations of osteosarcoma?
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towards the knee
away from the elbow can be seen on the maxilla, mandible in metastasis can be seen in the lungs and brain |
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What is the prognosis of osteosarcoma?
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poor even with surgery animals don't live more than 18 months before reoccurrence and metastasis
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What is malignant melanoma?
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neoplastic cells containing melanin seeing 8-10 cells per high powered field
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What are the common sites for malignant melanoma?
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oral (90% are malignant)
lymphnodes lungs tonsils |
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What is the breed predisposition of malignant melanoma?
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goldens
cockers scottish terriers any old dog dogs with dark oral mucosa |
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How are malignant melanomas characterized?
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staging by size and metastasis
stage 1 has the best prognosis however size to animal proportion complicates staging |
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What is the prognosis of oral melanoma?
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poor
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What are treatment options for malignant melanoma?
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maxillectoma
mandibulectomy radiation immunotherapy - IL-2 Xenogenic DNA vaccine - i year survival |