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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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COLLAGENOUS STROMAL response resulting from tumor signals or tumor-stromal interactions seen with certain kinds of malignant neoplasms
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Desmoplasia
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Benign tumor of epithelium
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Adenoma
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Malignant epithelial neoplasm
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Carcinoma
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Malignant CT neoplasm
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Sarcoma
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Adenocarcinoma is most often associated with _________
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Desmoplasia
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Histiologic hallmark of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Keratin pearl
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Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Mass of disorganized mature cells that are native to the tissue
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Hamartoma
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Completely normal tissue in a foreign place
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Choristoma
*pancreatic tissue in the stomach wall |
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List the steps of progression to a Malignant Neoplasm
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Clone -> Dysplasia -> Carcinoma in situ -> Malignant Neoplasm
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Most common benign tumor in women
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Leiomyoma = benign neoplasm of smooth muscle of myometrium in uterus
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What are Leiomyomas a common cause of?
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Menorhhagia = excessive menstrual discharge
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Lymphatic spread is the usual route of this type of malignancy
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Carcinoma
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Hematogenous spread is the usualy route of this type of malignancy
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Sarcoma
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Most common primary renal tumor in children
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Wilm's tumor
-rapidly growing Malignant tumor |
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Top 3 causes of cancer deaths in Men
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1. Lung
2. Colorectal 3. Prostate |
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Top 3 causes of cancer deaths in women
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1. Lung
2. Breast 3. Colorectal |
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Type of alteration activating Her-2/neu (EGF-R)
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Amplification
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Fxn of RET protooncogenes
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REceptor Tyrosine kinase
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Point Mutation Oncogene associated with Multiple Endocrine Syndromes and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer Syndrome
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RET
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Most common oncogene seen in human tumors
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Ras
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Organ most commonly affected by RAS mutation
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Pancreas
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t(9;22)
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ABL
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Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
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ABL oncogene
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Treated with Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate)
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ABL oncogene
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Neuroblastomas and Small cell lung CA
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N-myc due to amplification
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t(8:14)
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c-myc = Burkitt's Lymphoma
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t(11:14)
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Cyclin-D1
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Mantle Cell Lymphoma
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Cyclin-D1
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Rb chromosome
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13q14
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Osteosarcoma tumor suppressor gene
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Rb
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Most common tumor suppressor genes found in neoplasms
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p53
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inherited p53 mutations
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Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
-sarcomas -breat CA -brain tumors -adrenal cortical CA's |
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degrades B-catenin
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APC
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t(14;18)
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Bcl-2
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Follicular Lymphomas
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Bcl-2
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Evasion of apoptosis gene
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Bcl-2
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What is HNPCC due to?
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inherited mutation in DNA Mismatch Repair genes
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Microsatellite Instability
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HNPCC
*difference in # of tandem repeats |
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MSH2 and MLH1
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DNA Mismatch Repair genes involved in HNPCC
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Difference between Familial Polyposis Coli and HNPCC
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FPC is guaranteed to get Colon CA
HNPCC just allows a permissive state |
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Fxn of BRCA
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cofactors in repair of ds-DNA breaks
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2 major angiogenic factors secreted by tumors
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VEGF
bFGF |
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Tumor Invasion Steps:
-down-regulation of __1__ -Overexpression of __2__ -__3__ secretion -cell receptors attach to __4__ in EC matrix |
1. E-cadherin
2. Laminin receptor 3. Type IV collagenase 4. Fibronectin |
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Hypermethylation of sections of DNA suppressing tsc of that portion (i.e. tumor suppressor genes)
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Epigenetic changes
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in vitro studies show that single __1__ are insufficient to produce cancer
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Oncogenes
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Explain Gatekeeper hypothesis
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tumor suppressor gene mutation enables other genetic mutations to occur
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Example of an Indirect reacting Carcinogen
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Polycyclic Hydrocarbon
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Explain Initiators and Promoters of Carcinogens
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Initiator = cause irreversible mutation
Promoters = cause proliferation of initiated cell |
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What detoxifies Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons?
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Glutathione S-transferase
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Gene product that Metabolizes Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons?
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CYP1A1
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List 4 promoters
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1. hormones
2. Bile salts 3. increased fat intake 4. Ethanol |
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Nucleotide Excision repair pathway defect
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum
*can't fix Pyrimidine Dimers caused by UV rays |
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Cancers caused by EBV
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Burkitt's Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal CA Hodgkins Lymphoma in AIDS |
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Oncogenic DNA viruses
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HPV
EBV HBV Kaposis Sarcoma (HHV-8) |
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EBV cancer mechanism
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induces polyclonal B cell proliferation -> increases risk of t(8:14) of c-myc
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Oncogenic RNA viruses
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HCV
HTLV-1 |
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Wasting syndrome characterized by progressive loss of lean body mass, loss of body fat, weakness, anemia associated with cancer and cannot be counteracted by feeding
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Cachexia
*associated with Malignant Neoplasms |
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alpha-fetoprotein is a marker for these 2 cancers
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Yolk Sac tumor |
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PNPS cause of Cushing Syndrome
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ACTH release from Small Cell carcinoma of lung
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Example of Immunosuppressive cytokine
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TGF-beta
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Cytokine that can cause Cachexia
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TNF-alpha
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What is cancer grade based on?
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degree of Differentiation
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What is cancer staging based on?
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extent of tumor spread
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PNPS cause of Hypercalcemia
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Squamous cell CA of lung -> PTH
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) associated CA
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Colorectal and Pancreatic and Lung Carcinomas
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Mucin CA19-9 associated cancers
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Pancreatic
Colon |
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HCG is associated with these tumors
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Trophoblastic
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High Calcitonin is associated with this CA
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Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
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Catecholamines are associated with this CA
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Pheochromocytoma = tumor of Adrenal Medulla
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Mucin CA125 associated CA
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Ovarian Cancer
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