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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the general description of DM
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chronic disorder of carbs fats and protein metabolism
complex interaction of genetic environemtnal factors and life style choices |
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what is insulin
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anabolic hormone
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what does insulin do
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makes:
glycogen triglycerides na protein transports: glucose and amino acids into the cells |
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what colors are more likely to get DM general
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AA hispanic native americans
NOT non hispanic european |
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what are three criteria for diagnosis of DM
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fasting 126
random 200 glucose tolerance test 75 at 200 for 2 hours |
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what race gets DM I
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scandinavians
NOT blacks hispanics native american asians |
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what are the two types of type I
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1A is autoimmune with beta cell destruction
1B is ideiopathic and keotsis mostly aa and asians |
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what are the symptoms of DM I
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PPPKWA
polydipsia uria phagia age 35 under weight loss ketoacidosis |
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what is the source of insulin in the body
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beta cells
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what HLA types are predisposing
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HLA DP Q R
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what examples of environmental triggers
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coxsackie virus
MMR bovine milk |
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what is going on in Type I
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beta cell destruction leads to insulin deficiency
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what are the clinical differences of I and II
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TYPE I
<20 normal weight ketosis |
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what are the differences in type I and II pathogensis
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I
autoimmune sever insulin deficiency II insulin def insulin resistance |
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1/2 of all type II are ...
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asymptomatic
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what are the symptoms of II
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older
obese fatigue polydisia polyuria change of vision |
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what could be genetic about type II
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tendency to store adipose
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what factors do adipocytes secrete that moduate insulin secretion actina nd body weight
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TNF gamma
letpin resistin free fa |
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what things did nofsinger say lead to insulin resistance
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cortisol GH catecholamines glucagon sex hormones
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what are four other types of DM
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EGDM
endocrine gestational disease of pancreas maturity onset diabetes of the young |
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what are fourendocirine diseases that could lead to DM
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cushing's syndrome
acromegaly pheochromocytoma hyperthyroidism |
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what is cushing's syndrome
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excess cortisol production suually due to pituitary tumors
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what is acromegaly
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excess growth hormone
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what is pheochromocytoma
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tumor fo the adrenal medulla
dumps excess catecholamines |
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what is MODY
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between 5 and 25
genetic mutations AD impaired insulin secretion |
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what are three ways to monitor glucose levels
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serum glucose
long term insulin pump |
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what does long term evalulation evaluate
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elevated blood glucose over prolonged periods causes an increase in non enzymatic glycolsylaiton of hemoglobin HbA1c
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what are the percentages of HbA1c that we are looking for
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6 - 120 mg/dl
7 8 |
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what are microvascular complciations that contribute to poor circulation
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bM thickening
endothelial cell trauma endothelial swelling proliferation of SM glycosylated hg less effeient rouleaux factor XII (important in coagulation and inflammation) hpercoagulation increased platelet aggregation decreased clot lysis decreased ability of capillaries to dilate |
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what is the leading cause of kidney failure
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diabet nephorpathy
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why does kidney failure occur
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glomerular lesions
pyelonephritis |
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what do glomerular lesions lead to
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protein loss
loss of albumin |
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what is pyelonephritis
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acute or chronic inflammatio the kidney tubules and intersitital tissue
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what is the leading cause of blindness in people less than 72
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diabetic retinopathy
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what does diabetic retinopathy cause
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retinal blood vesels lead plasma inato thretina which is toxic to the retina
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what are three types of dM eye disease
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diabet retinopathy
cataracts glaucoma |
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what is diabetic neuropathy
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direct axonal damage fromt he altered metabolism
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what are the side effects of diabetic neuropathy
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autonomic sexual dysfunction
peripheral of lower extremitiies isolated looss of nerve function |
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what are four macrosvascular abnormlaities
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GAMS
gangrene accelerated atherosclerosis MI stroke |
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what is the most common cuase of death in DM
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MI
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why is atherosclerosis accelerated
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increase levels of LDL
vessels of all sizes affected |
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stroke is ___ as common in DM as normal
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2x
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