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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major air pollutants?
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Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead particulates
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T/F Pollutant particles in the air larger than 10um are more dangerous than smaller ones
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False, the smaller ones get further down into the respiratory passages where they get phagocytosed by macrophages.
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What is the radioactive gas derived from uranium in soil?
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Radon. It has been implicated in lung cancer etiology
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What industrial pollutant would cause irritation of mucosa of airways?
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Fumes of formaldehyde or ammonia
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What industrial pollutants would cause lung cancer?
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Asbestos, volatalized nickel, arsenic, or chromium.
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What industrial pollutants would cause leukemia?
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Prolonged exposure to benzene or uranium
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Which industrial organic pollutants most commonly cause injuries?
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Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride found in degreasing agents and paint removers. Also PCHs released from burning fossil fuels
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What organic compounds used in production of plastics can cause cancer?
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Vinyl chloride monomers used in polyvinyl resins can cause angiosarcoma of the liver
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What is the most dangerous particle size of mineral dust or other solid particulates?
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1 to 5um, bigger or smaller than that doesn't cause much problem
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T/F Coal dust causes problems at lower concentrations than silica, asbestos, and beryllium
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False, it is relatively inert and has to be present in large quantities to cause disease
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What is the most dangerous place in the lung for a small particle to end up?
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Alveolar duct bifurcations where they can be endocytosed by macrophages.
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What causes lung pathology in people that inhale small particulate matter?
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Macrophages endocytose the particles and realease chemotactic factors that bring in inflammatory cells which release damaging mediators.
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T/F Tobacco smoke worsens the effect of inhaled mineral dust, especially with asbestos
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True
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What is pneumoconioses?
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Lung disease that results from inhalation of coal, silica, or asbestos
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What type of coal mining has been associated with higher risk of pneumoconioses?
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Anthracite mining, as opposed to bituminous coal
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What is pulmonary anthracosis?
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The most innocuous coal-induced pulmonary lesion. Result of macrophages endulfing carbon pigment and accumulating in lung lymphatics and CT
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What distinguishes CWP from silica and asbestos exposures?
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Coal dust doesn't increase susceptibility to tuberculosis and doesn't cause lung carcinoma like asbestos
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What is the most common mineral implicated in silicosis?
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Quartz
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What is the histologic appearance of lung tissue in acute silicosis?
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Interstitial inflammation and accumulation of proteinaceous fluid rich in surfactants within alveolar spaces
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What type of silicosis results in formation of fibrotic nodules in the lung?
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Chronic silicosis resulting from inhalation of crystalline silica over prolonged period of time
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What is conglomerate silicosis?
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Progression of chronic silicosis until nodules coalesce and lung parenchyma is destroyed
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Which environmental pulmonary disease is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis?
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Silicosis
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T/F Silica particles can be carcinogenic
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True, this is thought to be mediated by silicas ability to induce reactive oxygen species in the lung
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What are the 2 different types of asbestos?
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Serpentine chyrsotile, which is most widely used, and amiphiboles which is less used but induces mesothelioma
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T/F Asbestos probably functions as both a tumor initiator and a promoter
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True
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How can you distinguish idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from that caused by asbestos?
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Presence of asbestos bodies that are formed when macrophages attempt to phagocytose asbestos fibers
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T/F In contrast to CWP and silicosis, asbestosis begins in the upper lobes of the lung and progresses down
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False, asbestosis begins in lower lobes and subpleurally and progresses to middle and upper lobes
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When would you find pleural plaques and how would you find them?
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THey can be found via chest x-ray and are the most common manifestations of asbestos exposure. They are plaques of dense collagen often containing calcium
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What 2 cancers commonly develop in asbestos workers?
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Bronchogenic carcinomas and malignant mesotheliomas. 5 fold increase for former, 1000 fold increase for latter.
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T/F Concomitant cigarette smoking increases risk of bronchogenic carcinoma but not mesothelioma in asbestos workers
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True
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As asbestosis progresses what secondary heart problems can arise?
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Cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure
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Who is at risk for berryliosis?
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Aerospace and nuclear workers
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Heavy exposure to dusts or fumes of metallic beryllium can lead to what condition?
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Acute pneumonitis. Light exposure may lead to pulmonary granulomatous lesions similar to sarcoidosis
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How does beryllium induce T-cell mediated immunity in some individuals?
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It can act as a hapten by binding to proteins and rendering them immunogenic for CD4+ helper T cells
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What is the result of T-cell activation in berryliosis?
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Formation of non-caseating granulomas in lungs and hilar nodes
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What condition can result from leukocyte production of elastase in the lungs of smokers?
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Emphysema, where the lungs lose their elasticity
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T/F Almost one third of all heart attacks are attributed to cigarette smoking
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True
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What two types of immune response can penicillin induce?
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Type 1 or 2 hypersensitivity. (IgE mediated anaphylactic response, or IgG mediated hemolytic anemia)
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What are two leading causes of death in postmenopausal women?
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Myocardial infarction and stroke
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T/F Estrogens elevate LDL and reduce HDL
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False, it the opposite. Estrogen has a protective effect against atherosclerosis
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Is it better for women to start estrogen replacement at onset of menopause or later on?
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40-50% decrease in risk of ischemic heart disease in women who begin at onset of menopause
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When does use of oral contraceptives casue major increase in breat cancer risk?
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When woman has BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation and family hx of breast cancer
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What type of cancer are oral contraceptives most associated with generally?
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Cervical cancer, usually correlated with duration of use
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T/F Oral contraceptives protect against endometrial and ovarian cancers
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True
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What damage can be caused by high doese of acetaminophen?
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Hepatic necrosis, but it would have to be a huuuge dose for this to happen, like 15-25g taken at one time
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What are the symptoms of lead poisoning?
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Abdominal pain, fatigue, headache. In kids it can go unsuspected until there is a catastrophic encephalopathic crisis leading to seizures or retardation
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What are the oral manifestations of lead poisoning?
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Gingival lead line. Black line that appears at the junction of the free gingival margin
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Where is most of absorbed lead deposited?
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In developing teeth and bone.
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What radiographic evidence would exist in lead poisoned child?
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Deposition of lead in growth plates, causing radiopaque lead line on x-ray
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What effect does lead have on blood?
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It interferes with enzymes involved in heme synthesis. Iron isn't incorporated into heme and you get hypochromic anemia
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What peripheral neural effects can lead poisoning have?
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Peripheral neuropathy of commonly used muscles. Leads to wristdrop and footdrop
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What oral symptoms are caused by lead poisoning?
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Hypersalivation, and dysthesia, numbness, tingling, or burning of tongue or lips
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What would you suspect when you see a cherry-red color of skin and mucous membranes?
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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning
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How is CO poisoning detected?
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By presence of significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin in blood
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What is the byproduct of alcohol metabolism that causes acidosis?
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Excess build-up of NADH
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What peripheral neural effects can lead poisoning have?
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Peripheral neuropathy of commonly used muscles. Leads to wristdrop and footdrop
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What oral symptoms are caused by lead poisoning?
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Hypersalivation, and dysthesia, numbness, tingling, or burning of tongue or lips
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What would you suspect when you see a cherry-red color of skin and mucous membranes?
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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning
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How is CO poisoning detected?
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By presence of significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin in blood
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What is the byproduct of alcohol metabolism that causes acidosis?
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Excess build-up of NADH
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What peripheral neural effects can lead poisoning have?
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Peripheral neuropathy of commonly used muscles. Leads to wristdrop and footdrop
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What oral symptoms are caused by lead poisoning?
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Hypersalivation, and dysthesia, numbness, tingling, or burning of tongue or lips
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What would you suspect when you see a cherry-red color of skin and mucous membranes?
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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning
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How is CO poisoning detected?
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By presence of significant levels of carboxyhemoglobin in blood
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What is the byproduct of alcohol metabolism that causes acidosis?
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Excess build-up of NADH
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T/F Large doses of cocaine are required in order to induce cardiac event
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False, even small normal doses could cause this in a first time user
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How does cocaine effect the nervous system?
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By inhibiting reuptake of dopamine and norepi, which leads to excess stimulation
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How do the lethal effects of cocaine and heroin differ?
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Cocaine kills you by MI and heroin kills you by resp depression
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What is the most common infection among addicted persons?
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Viral hepatitis acquired by sharing dirty needles
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What are two beneficial effects of THC?
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Decrease in intraocular pressure in glaucoma and ease of nausea secondary to cancer chemo
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How do lacerations and incisions differ?
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Lacerations are due to blunt object and have intact bridging blood vessels and jagged, irregular edges.
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What are the gross characteristics of a full-thickness burn?
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White or charred and dry skin. Will not hurt do to destruction of nerve endings.
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What are the characteristics of a partial-thickness burn?
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Pink or mottled skin with blisters. This will be painful because nerve endings are still intact
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What are the histologic characteristics of burned tissue?
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It exhibits coagulative necrosis
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How do gasses such as chlorine cause burns?
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By reacting with water to form acids or alkalis in the airways that lead to inflammation and tissue destruction
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What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?
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Organ system failure resulting from burn sepsis secondary to bacterial infection
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What is the most common bacterial infection in burn victims?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What are the most common sequelae in burn victims secondary to infection?
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Renal failure and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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What is the biggest dependent factor in severity of electrical injury?
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Amperage and path of current within the body
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What happens when alternating current passes through a person?
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It induces tetanic muscle spasms
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