Path - Cellular Injury/adaptation/death

Front 2

How is it that cardiac hypertrophy can be physiologic and pathologic adaptation?

Back 2

The hypertrophy is a normal response to a pathological situation.

Front 3

Define atrophy.

Back 3

Shrinkage of a cell by loss of cell substance. This loss can cause shrinkage in organ size.

Front 4

Give six causes of atrophy.

Back 4

Decreased workload. Loss of innervation. Diminished blood supply. Inadequate nutrition. Loss of endocrine stimulation. Aging.

Front 5

__ causes brown aging.

Back 5

Lipofuscin accumulation.

Front 6

Decreased synthesis and increased catabolism are __ mechanisms of atrophy. Decreased cell size, plus increases in autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies are __ mechanisms of atrophy.

Back 6

Biochemical mechanisms. Histologic changes.

Front 7

Define hypertrophy. In what cells is this prominent?

Back 7

Increased size of cells and increased size of the organ. Prominent in cells not capable of mitosis.

Front 8

Increased synthesis of structural proteins and nuclear dna, in addition to increased organelles can cause __.

Back 8

Hypertrophy.

Front 9

Give an example for physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy. Why do each of these occur.

Back 9

Physiologic - skeletal m. with exercise. Pathologic - myocardium in HTN. Both of these occur due to increased functional demand.

Front 10

Define hyperplasia. With what does it often occur?

Back 10

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. Often occurs with hyperplasia.

Front 11

__ hyperplasia is the proliferation of existing cells or the formation of new cells from stem cells.

Back 11

Compensatory hyperplasia.

Front 12

What are the three circumstances for hyperplasia to become pathologic? What could these cells possibly become?

Back 12

Excessive growth factor/hormone. Response to injury/inflammation. Cells could possibly become cancer.

Front 13

Where is cancer least likely to develop?

Back 13

The heart.

Front 14

With BPH, in what do you see increases?

Back 14

Increases glandular and ductal elements, with increases in secretion.

Front 15

What is metaplasia? What causes it?

Back 15

Reversible change where one adult cell type if replaced by another adult cell type. Caused by genetic reprogramming of stem cells.

Front 16

What happens with gastric and respiratory metaplasia?

Back 16

Respiratory - squamous. Gastric - esophageal changes to gastric.

Front 17

Explain mesenchymal metaplasia.

Back 17

Fibroblasts become osteoblasts or chondroblasts.

Front 18

What is necrosis?

Back 18

Sequence of changes that follow cell death in living tissue. Involves enzymatic digestion of cells and denaturation of proteins.

Front 19

__ necrosis is characteristic of hypoxic cell death everywhere except for the brain. What is preserved for days?

Back 19

Coagulative necrosis. Structural outlines are preserved for days.

Front 20

What type of atrophy is this?

Back 20

Decreased blood supply.

Front 21

What indicates necrosis is indicated by the wedge shape?

Back 21

Coagulative necrosis.

Front 22

__ necrosis is the complete digestion of dead cells. This is characteristic hypoxic cell death in what system?

Back 22

Liquefactive necrosis. CNS hypoxic cell death.

Front 23

This photo indicates what kind of necrosis in the brain?

Back 23

Liquefactive necrosis.

Front 24

This brain abscess shows what kind of necrosis?

Front 25

Caseous necrosis involves __ inflammation. Which cells mediate it? CN is characteristic of __ infection.

Back 25

Granulomatous inflammation. Mediated by inflammatory cells. Characteristic of TB infection.

Front 26

This form of necrosis shown in the liver is __.

Back 26

Caseous necrosis.

Front 27

Pancreatic lipases cause __ necrosis by saponification. What does this type of necrosis look like grossly?

Back 27

Fat necrosis. White, chalky areas.

Front 28

This is __ necrosis in the liver?

Back 28

Caseous necrosis.

Front 29

This is __ necrosis?

Back 29

Fat necrosis.

Front 30

This image represents which type of necrosis development?

Back 30

Fat necrosis. Saponification.

Front 31

What kind of lesion causes fibrinoid necrosis? It is mediated by the __ system?

Back 31

Vascular lesion. Mediated by the immune system.

Front 32

This picture shows __ necrosis. What gives it the hyaline appearance?

Back 32

Hyaline appearance comes from the fibrin + antigen/antibody complexes.

Front 33

What type of necrosis can be seen with diabetes and does not have a specific pattern? How does this necrosis develop?

Back 33

Gangrenous. Caused by loss of blood supply.

Front 34

Explain dry v. wet gangrene.

Back 34

Dry - coagulative necrosis. Wet - infection may lead to liquefactive necrosis.