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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Etiologies of Malignancy
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Genetic: Inherited mutation
Environmental (Chemical, Radiation, Microbes) |
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Some chemotherapies can lead to
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other cancers
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Common Metastatic Sites
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Lymph Nodes
Lung Liver Bone (axial skeleton) Brain |
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Ocogenesis results in...
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an increase in the number of abnormal cells. (The abnormal cells have the deficient genes which keep them replicating)
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Definition of Dysplasia
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Bad Growth. Results in darker or larger nucleus and/or increased mitosis
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When is a person cured of cancer?
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No residual CA nor recurrence for 5 years.
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Adverse effects of chemo
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Hair Loss
Anemia Infections GI Tract problems |
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Searching for recurrence...you search for _____.
2 Tests: _____ and _____ |
Tumor Markers
Prostate Specific Antigen Test Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level |
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Chemo Treatment:
Alkylating Agents |
Bind up DNA
Turn on apoptosis |
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Chemo Treatment:
Antimetabolites |
Fake substitute molecules within DNA
Cell dies |
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Chemo Treatment:
Plant alkaloids |
Disrupts mitotic spindle
Cell Dies |
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Chemo Treatment:
Hormones |
Targets tumor cell receptors necessary for growth
Doesn't always kill the cell |
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S/S Cancer
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FUO
Pain due to invading tumor or compression of neighboring nerves Cachexia = weight loss & anorexia |
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CT & MR Scans stand for
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computed tomography and magnetic resonence
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Main hypersensitivity (body's response) for neoplasias
What cells are involved? |
IV
Macrophages & C-Cytotoxic |
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Symptoms from neoplasias are characteristic of
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chronic inflammation (which makes sense since cell mediated immunity is occurring)
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too few RBC
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anemia
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Hormones:
GH TSH These are _____ hormones |
Secreted by Pituitary
Promotes growth (esp. muscle/bone) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Again Pituitary...stimulates secretion for thyroid Pituitary |
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Hormones:
Prolactin FSH LH All of these are _____ hormones. |
Targets the breast to stimulate secretion
Follicle Stimulating Hormone goes to the ovaries/testes to stimulate egg/sperm production Luteinizing Hormone targets ovaries/testes for ovulation, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone secretion Pituitary |
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PTH
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Parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid): Targets GI tract, bone, & kidney to increase blood calcium
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Hormones:
Mineralocorticoids Cortisol (Stress Hormone) |
Both are secreted by the adrenal glands.
Mineralocorticoids targets the kidney to regulate blood pressure Cortisol targets many tissues for dec. immune response, inc. blood glucose, lipids, amino acids, blood pressure. B-LAG...Blood LAG |
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Pathogenesis for Endocrine Pathology
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Chronic Inflammation (Especially autoimmune...Graves, Hashimotos Thyroiditis, and Type I DM) & Benign Neoplasias...Cushings from Cortisol/glucocorticoids
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Etiologies for Graves & Hashimotos
Pathogenesis Remember, Graves is type _____ and Hashimostos is Type ___ |
Idiopathic
Auto antibodies to thyroid cells |
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Treatment for Graves
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Radioactive Iodine
Surgery Drugs that decrease Thyroid hormones |
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Leukocytes involved in Hashimotos
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Macrophages & C-Ctyotoxic
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DTR stands for
What's its significance |
Deep Tendon Reflexes
This decreases in Hashimotos |
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Signs and Symptoms of Cushings Disease (caused by inc. cortisol &/or neoplasias)
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SMMMOTH
thin skin with Striae decrease in Muscle Mass Moon Swings Moon Facies (broad face) Truncal Obesity Hypertension |
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IFG stands for
What's its significance? |
Impaired Fasting Glucose
It means get another reading because you might have DM = Diabetes Mellitus |
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Type I DM is type(s) _____ hypersensitivity.
Name the 2 etiologies associated with Type I. |
2 & 4
Viral Infection & Genetics |
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Type II DM patients have abnormal insulin levels (T/F)?
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False, the problem is with the receptors or with the function of the receptors
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LTCs of DM
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Large Arteries: Accelerated Atherosclerosis, which results in MI, CVA = stroke, Ulcers & gangrene
Microvascular: narrowed lumens/openings: WORN (out because I can't eat sugar)... Wound Healing sucks O=Openings/lumen R=Retinopathy/Renal Failure N=Neuropathy (legs, heart) |
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Basic treatment of Type II DM
Treatment for Type I |
Diet & Exercise, & some meds
Insulin |
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Meds for DM: Non Insulin
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Decreases Liver production of glucose
Slow GI absorption of carbs Inc. release of insulin, glucagon, and rate of gastric empyting |
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Pathogenesis for Urinary System
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A/C Inflammation, Necrosis, Repair
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Ascending UTI Body Responses
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Acute Inflammation
Urethritis Cystitis Pyelonephritis |
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ESRD stands for
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End Stage Renal Disease
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Urinary Tract Infection: 3 Basic Symptoms
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Cloudy Urine
Polysuria Dsyuria |
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Kidney Doctor
Rest of Urinary Tract Dr |
Nephrologist
Urologist |
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Kidney Doctor
Rest of Urinary Tract Dr |
Nephrologist
Urologist |
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Take me through the steps of UTI
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E: Bacteria
CC: Bacteria BR: Acute Inflammation S/S: Cloudy Urine, Dysuria, Polyuria Outcome: Resolves, Ascends |
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2 Main causes of ESRD
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HTN & DM
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Take me through the sequence for vascular renal disease
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E: High Blood Pressure (HTN) or Hyperglycemia (DM)
C: Microvascular cell walls thicken BR: Renal Ischemia, Necrosis, Repair, |
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ESRD Symptoms
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Kidneys don't clean the blood
Decreased Renal Volume Microscoping Scaring |
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Take me through the sequence for immune etiologies for the kidney
Give an example |
E: Antigen in the blood
CC: Type III Hypersensitivity (antigen-antibody complexes->AI->PMNs ^ LE->Necrosis) BR: Settles in Kidneys->Necrosis->Scarring S/S: Dec. Renal Funciton O: Resolve ESRD EX-SLE |
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Take me through the sequence for Graves
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E: Idiopathic
CC: Autoantibodies to thyroid BR: T3&T4 Hyperfunction (Type 2 Hypersensitivity) S/S: Inc. Metabolism, Eyes, Skin, Goiter, Heart, Treatment: Drugs that dec. T3&T4; surgery; radioactive I |
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Take me through the sequence for Hasimotos Thyroiditis
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E: Idiopathic
CC: Autoantibodies to thyroid cells BR: Type 2 & 4 -> Destruction of Thyroid Cells by C_T & Mac -> T3&T4 Hypofunction S/S: Dec. DTR. Lethargy, Appetite, Heart |
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Take me through the sequence for Type I (Etiology, Pathogenesis, S/S, Outcomes)
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E: Genetic or Viral Infections
P: Autoimmune destruction of Pancreatic B Islet Cells (Type 2 & 4 Hypersensitivity) S/S: Low Insulin, Polyuria, Glucosuria, Polydypsia Outcomes: Ketoacidosis, LTC |
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Take me through the sequence for Type 2 Diabetes (E, P, S/S, Outcomes)
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E: Obesity
P: INSULIN RESISTANCE... related to insulin uptake/receptors. S/S: Often Silent, +/- Polyuria, Glucosuria, Polydypsia Outcome: LTC |