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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Etiologies of Malignancy
Genetic: Inherited mutation
Environmental (Chemical, Radiation, Microbes)
Some chemotherapies can lead to
other cancers
Common Metastatic Sites
Lymph Nodes
Lung
Liver
Bone (axial skeleton)
Brain
Ocogenesis results in...
an increase in the number of abnormal cells. (The abnormal cells have the deficient genes which keep them replicating)
Definition of Dysplasia
Bad Growth. Results in darker or larger nucleus and/or increased mitosis
When is a person cured of cancer?
No residual CA nor recurrence for 5 years.
Adverse effects of chemo
Hair Loss
Anemia
Infections
GI Tract problems
Searching for recurrence...you search for _____.
2 Tests: _____ and _____
Tumor Markers
Prostate Specific Antigen Test
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level
Chemo Treatment:
Alkylating Agents
Bind up DNA
Turn on apoptosis
Chemo Treatment:
Antimetabolites
Fake substitute molecules within DNA
Cell dies
Chemo Treatment:
Plant alkaloids
Disrupts mitotic spindle
Cell Dies
Chemo Treatment:
Hormones
Targets tumor cell receptors necessary for growth
Doesn't always kill the cell
S/S Cancer
FUO
Pain due to invading tumor or compression of neighboring nerves
Cachexia = weight loss & anorexia
CT & MR Scans stand for
computed tomography and magnetic resonence
Main hypersensitivity (body's response) for neoplasias

What cells are involved?
IV

Macrophages & C-Cytotoxic
Symptoms from neoplasias are characteristic of
chronic inflammation (which makes sense since cell mediated immunity is occurring)
too few RBC
anemia
Hormones:
GH

TSH

These are _____ hormones
Secreted by Pituitary
Promotes growth (esp. muscle/bone)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Again Pituitary...stimulates secretion for thyroid

Pituitary
Hormones:
Prolactin

FSH

LH

All of these are _____ hormones.
Targets the breast to stimulate secretion

Follicle Stimulating Hormone goes to the ovaries/testes to stimulate egg/sperm production

Luteinizing Hormone targets ovaries/testes for ovulation, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone secretion

Pituitary
PTH
Parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid): Targets GI tract, bone, & kidney to increase blood calcium
Hormones:

Mineralocorticoids

Cortisol (Stress Hormone)
Both are secreted by the adrenal glands.
Mineralocorticoids targets the kidney to regulate blood pressure
Cortisol targets many tissues for dec. immune response, inc. blood glucose, lipids, amino acids, blood pressure.
B-LAG...Blood LAG
Pathogenesis for Endocrine Pathology
Chronic Inflammation (Especially autoimmune...Graves, Hashimotos Thyroiditis, and Type I DM) & Benign Neoplasias...Cushings from Cortisol/glucocorticoids
Etiologies for Graves & Hashimotos

Pathogenesis

Remember, Graves is type _____ and Hashimostos is Type ___
Idiopathic

Auto antibodies to thyroid cells
Treatment for Graves
Radioactive Iodine
Surgery
Drugs that decrease Thyroid hormones
Leukocytes involved in Hashimotos
Macrophages & C-Ctyotoxic
DTR stands for
What's its significance
Deep Tendon Reflexes
This decreases in Hashimotos
Signs and Symptoms of Cushings Disease (caused by inc. cortisol &/or neoplasias)
SMMMOTH
thin skin with Striae
decrease in Muscle Mass
Moon Swings
Moon Facies (broad face)
Truncal Obesity
Hypertension
IFG stands for
What's its significance?
Impaired Fasting Glucose
It means get another reading because you might have DM = Diabetes Mellitus
Type I DM is type(s) _____ hypersensitivity.

Name the 2 etiologies associated with Type I.
2 & 4

Viral Infection & Genetics
Type II DM patients have abnormal insulin levels (T/F)?
False, the problem is with the receptors or with the function of the receptors
LTCs of DM
Large Arteries: Accelerated Atherosclerosis, which results in MI, CVA = stroke, Ulcers & gangrene

Microvascular: narrowed lumens/openings:
WORN (out because I can't eat sugar)...
Wound Healing sucks
O=Openings/lumen
R=Retinopathy/Renal Failure
N=Neuropathy (legs, heart)
Basic treatment of Type II DM

Treatment for Type I
Diet & Exercise, & some meds

Insulin
Meds for DM: Non Insulin
Decreases Liver production of glucose
Slow GI absorption of carbs
Inc. release of insulin, glucagon, and rate of gastric empyting
Pathogenesis for Urinary System
A/C Inflammation, Necrosis, Repair
Ascending UTI Body Responses
Acute Inflammation
Urethritis
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
ESRD stands for
End Stage Renal Disease
Urinary Tract Infection: 3 Basic Symptoms
Cloudy Urine
Polysuria
Dsyuria
Kidney Doctor
Rest of Urinary Tract Dr
Nephrologist
Urologist
Kidney Doctor
Rest of Urinary Tract Dr
Nephrologist
Urologist
Take me through the steps of UTI
E: Bacteria
CC: Bacteria
BR: Acute Inflammation
S/S: Cloudy Urine, Dysuria, Polyuria
Outcome: Resolves, Ascends
2 Main causes of ESRD
HTN & DM
Take me through the sequence for vascular renal disease
E: High Blood Pressure (HTN) or Hyperglycemia (DM)
C: Microvascular cell walls thicken
BR: Renal Ischemia, Necrosis, Repair,
ESRD Symptoms
Kidneys don't clean the blood
Decreased Renal Volume
Microscoping Scaring
Take me through the sequence for immune etiologies for the kidney

Give an example
E: Antigen in the blood
CC: Type III Hypersensitivity (antigen-antibody complexes->AI->PMNs ^ LE->Necrosis)
BR: Settles in Kidneys->Necrosis->Scarring
S/S: Dec. Renal Funciton
O: Resolve ESRD

EX-SLE
Take me through the sequence for Graves
E: Idiopathic
CC: Autoantibodies to thyroid
BR: T3&T4 Hyperfunction (Type 2 Hypersensitivity)
S/S: Inc. Metabolism, Eyes, Skin, Goiter, Heart,
Treatment: Drugs that dec. T3&T4; surgery; radioactive I
Take me through the sequence for Hasimotos Thyroiditis
E: Idiopathic
CC: Autoantibodies to thyroid cells
BR: Type 2 & 4 -> Destruction of Thyroid Cells by C_T & Mac -> T3&T4 Hypofunction
S/S: Dec. DTR. Lethargy, Appetite, Heart
Take me through the sequence for Type I (Etiology, Pathogenesis, S/S, Outcomes)
E: Genetic or Viral Infections
P: Autoimmune destruction of Pancreatic B Islet Cells (Type 2 & 4 Hypersensitivity)
S/S: Low Insulin, Polyuria, Glucosuria, Polydypsia
Outcomes: Ketoacidosis, LTC
Take me through the sequence for Type 2 Diabetes (E, P, S/S, Outcomes)
E: Obesity
P: INSULIN RESISTANCE... related to insulin uptake/receptors.
S/S: Often Silent, +/- Polyuria, Glucosuria, Polydypsia
Outcome: LTC