Path And Pharm 1

Front 1

We have around _____ different types of cells in the human body. The number of cells in the human body is somewhere in the _____. Disease can be thought of _____.

Back 1

20
trillions
the change in cells (structure/function and/or variation)

Front 2

Define pathogenesis

Back 2

The development of cell change. Broken up into 2 parts: the cell change and the body's response.

Front 3

Define Etiology

Back 3

the cause of the cell change

Front 4

List the main diagram

Back 4

Cause of cell change/etiology

Development of cell changes/pathogenesis = Cell Changes-> Body's Response

Signs/Symptoms (S/S)

Treatment

Outcome

Front 5

There are large numbers of _____ and limited number of _____.

Back 5

etiologies & diseases but about 20 pathogenic responses/mechanisms.

Front 6

Signs are _____, symptoms are _____.

Back 6

objective measurements like temperature
subjective indicators of disease like nausea

Front 7

Treatment is considered +/- because

Back 7

it may or may not be needed.

Front 8

Etiologies:
Decrease in blood supply

Back 8

Ischemia

Front 9

Etiologies:
Decrease of oxygen

Back 9

Hypoxia

Front 10

Etiologies: Infectious agents. Give an example

Back 10

Viruses, bacteria, fungi

Front 11

Etiologies: Explain immunologic reactions.

Back 11

Divided into intentional (meant to protect us, but actually causes disease) and unintentional (autoimmune diseases)

Front 12

The immune system, in protecting us, makes us _____.

Back 12

sick (inflammation, allergy, aches, pains)

Front 13

Etiologies: Genetic Factors: either _____ or _____

Back 13

inherited or new mutations

Front 14

Etiologies: Nutrition: broken up into _____ or _____

Back 14

excess or deficiencies

Front 15

radiation, pressure, electricity, mechanical forces like trauma, temperature differences are all

Back 15

physical agent etiologies

Front 16

Etiology: aging

Back 16

decrease in the ability to response to changes in environment

Front 17

Etiology: unknown cause

Back 17

idiopathic

Front 18

List the 2 different categories of cellular changes (1.2)

Back 18

Lethal & non-lethal cellular changes

Front 19

List the 4 different cellular adaptions

Back 19

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia

Front 20

swelling

Back 20

edema

Front 21

hemorrhage

Back 21

Bleeding or the abnormal flow of blood

Front 22

if the cellular change is lethal cell injury, the body's response is

Back 22

necrosis

Front 23

atrophy definition...
it results from...

Back 23

reduction in cell size
loss of intercellular organelles

Front 24

hypertrophy definition

Back 24

increase in cell size

Front 25

hyperplasia definition

Back 25

increase in the number of cells

Front 26

neoplasia definition

Back 26

new growth. I'm pretty sure cancer

Front 27

metaplasia definition

Back 27

change from 1 mature cell type to another mature cell type

Front 28

Difference between physiologic cell change and pathogenic cell change (1.2)

Back 28

physiological are adaptions in response to something in the body and usually are good adaptions. Pathologic are not adaptions but from unknown sources and usually result in negative cellular changes

Front 29

thrombosis definition

Back 29

blood clot

Front 30

Cell membrane is necessary for _____

Back 30

ionic homeostasis

Front 31

These organelles are responsible for protein synthesis

Back 31

golgi body & rough ER

Front 32

The 4 cell components most susceptible to cell injury:

Back 32

cell membrane
mitochondria
protein synthesis (rough ER, golgi body)
nucleus (genetic material)

Front 33

Loss of ATP results in the _____. For example, the loss of the _____, which results in the influx of _____, which results in cellular ______.

Back 33

cessation of most homeostatic paths
Na+ pump
Na+ ions and water
swelling

Front 34

ROS

Back 34

Reactive O2 Species: Free radicals; unstable intracellular molecules which attack and degrade many cell components (DNA, RNA, membranes)

Front 35

Loss in Ca++ homeostasis results from _____ and results in _____.

Back 35

membrane damage (thus the influx of Ca++ into cytosol).

activating catabolic enzymes that break down cell
activates apoptosis (cell suicide)

Front 36

Metabolically _____ cells are more vulunerable to injury because _____.

Back 36

active
they eat up ATP.

Front 37

Irreversible cellular change which results in necrosis occurs when the _____ and _____ are too compromised to recover.

Back 37

cell membrane and ATP

Front 38

All physiologic cellular adaptions are _____.

Back 38

reversible

Front 39

an exogenous agent causing lethal cell injury

Back 39

necrosis (opposed from apoptosis or cell suicide)

Front 40

4 types of necrosis
which is the most common

Back 40

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat

coagulative is the most common

Front 41

Coagulative necrosis defined

Back 41

Hypoxia/Cell deprived of oxygen
cytoplasm and organelles denature into a puddle of protein
pyknosis & karyorrhexis
Cell membrane ruptures, spilling out organelles

Front 42

Nucleus condenses (_____) and breaks up (_____)

Back 42

pyknosis
karyorrhexis

Front 43

Liquifactive necrosis defined:

Back 43

Lytic enzymes from lysasomes kill the cell during acute inflammation

Front 44

Caseous necrosis defined:

Back 44

Chronic inflammatory lesions (granulomas) in TB

Front 45

Aptosis procedure

Back 45

signal to begin (from inside/outside the cell)
Activation of degradative/catabolic enzymes called caspases
Caspases degrade intracellular proteins and nucleic acids, but leave membrane intact
Cell morphology changes (yknosis, karyorrhexis)
the cell fragments (each fragment is membrane-bound)
fragments are phagocytosed by macrophages

Front 46

caspases

Back 46

catabolic enzymes involved in apoptosis