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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Renal system consists of: |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Renal system is used for: |
-Waste removal -Regulation of water and electrolyte balances -Controls Blood pressure |
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What % of the total cardiac output passes thru the kidneys |
20% |
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Acute Renal Failure (ARF) |
Abrupt decline in renal function leading to azotemia Decrease in glomerular filtration |
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AKI Pre-renal |
Decreases in renal perfusion of excessive vasoconstriction Reversible if cause is eliminated |
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AKI Renal |
Infectious diseases, toxins, systemic dzs |
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AKI Post renal |
Obstruction or urine flow |
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AKI Phases |
Initiation Extension Maintenance Recovery |
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Initiation |
first stage not biochemically evident injury at this stage occurs on a subcellular level |
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Extension |
cellular injury progresses to death Biochemical derangements and clinical manifestations evident |
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Maintenance |
Cell death regeneration occurs simultaneously removal of existing cause will not change damage |
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Recovery |
Improvment in GFR and tubular function can last weeks to months |
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AKI risk factors |
shock, hypovelemia, hypotension, dehydration electrolyte imbalances nephrotoxic drugs systemic dzs increased age |
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Normal Specific gravity in dos and cats |
Dog: >1.025 Cat: > 1.040 |
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If UOP is decreased what should be done |
fluid therapy vasopressors |
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Normal UOP |
Anuria: 0.5 ml/kg/hr Oliguria: 0.5- 1 ml/kg/hr |
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Signs of AKI |
Kidneys enlarged painful on palpation dehydration azotemic oliguric polyuric |
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AKI mortality rate dogs and cats |
Dogs: 60% 60% chronic kidney dz 40% normal renal function Cats: 40-50% 50% Chronic kidney dz |
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Leptospirosis |
AKI, Vomiting, dehydration INCREASE BUN Creat |
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Chronic Kidney dz CKD |
Irreversible and progressive decline in renal function caused by destruction of the nephron units |
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CRF |
loose ability to concentrate urine Impairment of ADH response decrease in erythropietin |
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Urinary obstruction fatal if not treated in |
3-6 days |
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Perineal Urethrostomy |
Surgical widening of urethra |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers secreted into bloodstream signal target cells to perform |
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Pituitary gland |
Anterior: stimulating hormones TSH ACTH FSH LH prolactin MSH GH |
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Hypothalamus |
ADH, oxytocin stored in post pituitary gland |
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Endocrine glands |
Thyroid adreanal pancrease parathyroid ovaries testes |
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4 types of tx for hyperthyroidism |
drug therapy (inhibiting the synthesis of TH) diet (y/d) radioactive iodine sx |
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Y/D is deficient in what |
iodine |
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Pancreas exocrine |
secretion of digestive enzymes |
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Pancreas endocrine |
secretion of blood glucose regulating hormones Insulin (Bcells) Glucagon (a cells) Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Dz of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism associated with an abnormal or relative insulin deficiency |
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TX of Diabetes mellitus |
optimization of diet: high fiber and low carbs Insulin |
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DKA Diabetic ketoacidosis |
body is unable to use glucose, metabolize carbs |
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Insulinoma |
Functional tumor of the B cells secrete insulin independent of negative feedback BG of 15-78 |
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Nervous system contains |
CNS PNS neurons myelin |
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CNS |
Central nervous system Brain and spinal cord |
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PNS |
Peripheral nervous system Cranial nerves and peripheral nerves |
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Neuron |
Main cell in both systems Transmits electrical impulses to and from the brain |
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Myelin |
lipid coating covering the axon of some neurons |
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Traumatic Brain Injury TBI 4 |
Intracranial extracranial primary secondary |
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Intracranial TBI |
cerebral perfusion pressure, oxygen delivery to brain |
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Extracranial TBI |
hemorrhage, penetrating wounds, airway obstructions |
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Primary TBI |
Immediate result caused by trauma or accident Concussion Brain contusion laceration |
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Secondary TBI |
Systemic extracranial insults and intracranial physical and biochemical changes ischemia, inflammation |
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Vestibular Dz symptoms |
Head tilt nystagmus paresis/deficits mentation head tremors circling vomiting |
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Respiratory System |
Transports oxygen to the bloodstreams and removes CO2 |
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Respiratory System consists of: |
Upper: nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx,larynx Lower: Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Pleural cavity |
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Apneustic pattern |
Deep inhalation with abnormally long pause before exhalation |
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Cheyne-Stokes breathing |
Alternating tachypnea and bradypnea that occurs when CO2 regulation of respiration is interrepted |
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Kussmauls breathing |
Slow, deep , regular |
