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398 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mobitz I
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1. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
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2. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
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Mobitz II
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3. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
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P wave
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4. Atrial depol.
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a wave
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5. LA contraction
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T wave
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6. Vetricular repol.
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Wavy fibers
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7. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
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Janeway’s lesions
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8. Acute bacterial endocarditis.
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9. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
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Osler’s nodes
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10. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
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11. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
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Thiamine defcy
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12. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
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13. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
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14. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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15. Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
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Serous Pericarditis
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16. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
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Friction Rub
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17. Pericarditis association
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
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18. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
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19. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
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20. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
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21. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
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PML’s infectious agent
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22. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
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Edema
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23. Pc (more seeps out)
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24. ¯pc (less reabsorbed)
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25. permeability
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26. Block lymphatic drainage
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
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27. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present.
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28. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
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Malignant HTN & Kidneys
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29. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
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Nephritic signs
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30. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
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Nephrotic signs
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31. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/
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32. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
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ASO seen in
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33. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to bHGASrtep)
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34. Anti streptolysin O
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Crescentic GN
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35. Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
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36. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
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Hereditary Nephritis
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37. Alport’s syndrome. X linked
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38. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
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Membranoproliferative GN
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39. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
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40. See tram tracking
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TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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41. C3 & IgG deposits
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TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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42. Only C3 deposits
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43. Aka Dense deposit disease
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
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44. IgM & C3 deposits
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Cold agglutinins
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45. Seen in atypical pneumonia
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46. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
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Scrofula
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47. TB in the lymph nodes
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Aspirin-Asthma Triad
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48. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
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Ferruginous bodies
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49. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
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Pancoast’s tumor causes
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50. Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
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Fatty degeneration
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51. Made up primarily of triglycerides
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52. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
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53. Associated w/ CCl4-
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Cloudy swelling
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54. Failure of cellular Na pump
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55. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
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Hydropic degeneration
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56. Severe form of cloudy swelling
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57. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea
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Liquefaction necrosis
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58. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
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59. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries
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60. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
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Coagulation necrosis
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61. Result of sudden ischemia
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62. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen
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Caseation necrosis
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63. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
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64. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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65. Seen in the walls of small arteries
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66. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis
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Fat necrosis
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67. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
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68. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
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Hemoptysis
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69. Blood in sputum
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Pulmonary embolism
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70. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
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Phlebothrombosis
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71. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt,
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72. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to d blood coagulability
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Saddle embolus
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73. Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
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74. RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale
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Paradoxical embolism
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75. Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
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76. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect
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Tuberculoid granuloma
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77. Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
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78. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections
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Cellulitis
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79. Spreading infection due to streptococcus
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PSA
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80. Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
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5-HT
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81. In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
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aFeto Protein
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82. Hepatocarcinoma
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83. Neural tube defects
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CEA
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84. Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
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Chromosome 13
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85. Retinoblastoma
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Chromosome 11p
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86. Wilms tumor of the kidney
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Vinyl Chloride
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87. Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
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Agent Orange
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88. Contains dioxin
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89. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas
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Parasites & CA
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90. Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
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91. S. mansoni = Colon CA
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92. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen
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Ochronosis
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93. Alkaptonuria
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94. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)
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95. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine
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96. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
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Lead poisoning
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97. Acid fast inclusion bodies
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98. urinary coproprophyrin
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99. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic
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100. Stippling of the basophils
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101. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray
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102. Mental retardation
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Heroin OD, clinically
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103. Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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104. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
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Atypical mycobacterium
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105. M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
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Cold abscesses
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106. Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
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Actinomyces isrealli
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107. Farmers infection
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108. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
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Congenital Syphilis
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109. Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
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Warthin-Finkeledy cells
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110. Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
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111. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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112. Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
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113. a Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
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Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
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114. Staph aureus, b Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
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115. Common among drug addicts & diabetics
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Mitral Insufficiency
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116. Ruptured papillary muscle
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Left Anterior Descending branch
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117. Branch of the Left Coronary artery
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118. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
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119. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
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Left Circumflex branch
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120. Branch of the Left Coronary artery
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121. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
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Dissecting Aneurysm
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122. False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
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123. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease
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124. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
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Cor Pulmonale
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125. Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
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Acute Cor Pulmonale
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126. Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
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Bronchopneumonia
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127. Lobular (rather than lobar)
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128. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli
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129. Abscess formation is common
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Lobar pneumonia
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130. Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
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131. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia
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132. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
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133. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media
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Bronchiectasis
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134. Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
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135. Supparation associated
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136. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
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Cold Agglutinins
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137. Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Panlobular Emphysema
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138. a1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase = compliance in the lung
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Bulla
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139. Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
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Farmer’s Lung
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140. Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
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Bagassosis
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141. Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
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142. Inhalation of sugar cane dust
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Silo-Filler’s Lung
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143. Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
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G6PDH Deficiency
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144. Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
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145. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs
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HbF
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146. Sickle Cell Anemia
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Multiple Myeloma
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147. Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
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Hodgkin’s Disease
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148. Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
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149. Reed Sternberg cells
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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150. Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
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151. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
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152. Can see fever; abd.pain; ¯ wt; HTN; muscle aches
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Sprue
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153. Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
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154. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & IgA levels
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Regional Enteritis
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155. Crohn’s Disease
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156. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
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Whipple’s Disease
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157. Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
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Kulchitsky cells
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158. Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
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Ulcerative Colitis
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159. Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ colon CA incidence
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160. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
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161. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep
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162. Not transmural involvement
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Vaginal Adenosis
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163. Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
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164. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix
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Scirrhous Carcinoma
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165. Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
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Hofbauer Cells
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166. Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Retinopathy of Prematurity
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167. Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
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IgA deficiency
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168. Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
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169. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
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Priamry Sjorgen’s
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170. Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
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Secondary Sjorgen’s
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171. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
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172. RA association shows HLA-DR4
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LDH1 & LDH2
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173. Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
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LDH3
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174. Lung tissue
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LDH4 & LDH5
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175. Liver cells
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Keratomalacia
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176. Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
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Metabisfite Test
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177. Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
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178. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
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179. Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
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180. See Helmet cells
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Wright’s stain
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181. Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Mononucleosis
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182. Due to EBV infeciton
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183. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
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T(8;14)
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184. Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
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T(9;22)
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185. CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
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186. Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
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187. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
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Myeloid Metaplasia
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188. Alkaline phosphatase /normal compare to CML = low to absent
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189. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
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Multiple Myeloma
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190. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx
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191. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA
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192. Hypercalcemia ( bone destruction)
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T(14;18)
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193. NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
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Focal Segmental GN exs
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194. IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
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Nephrotic Syndrome exs
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195. Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
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Schistosoma Haematobium
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196. Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
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197. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
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Penicillin Resistant PID
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198. PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
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Duret Hemorrhages
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199. Severe in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain
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200. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
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Hypertensive Hemorrhage
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201. Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
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Cerebral Embolism from
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202. MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
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Neurosyphilis
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203. Tabes Dorsalis = ¯ joint position sensation, ¯ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils
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204. Syphilitic meningitis
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205. Paretic neurosyphilis
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5p-
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206. Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
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Trisomy 13
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207. Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
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Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
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208. Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs
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209. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
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Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
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210. Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
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RBC Osmotic Fragility
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211. Hereditary Spherocytosis
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
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212. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
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213. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
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214. Large Cell
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215. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
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216. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
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Singer’s Nodules
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217. Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
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Paraseptal emphysema
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218. Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
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219. Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
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Betel nuts
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220. Associated to oral cancer.
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Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
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221. Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
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Antral (Type B) Gastritis
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222. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
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223. Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs
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224. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)
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Acute Pancreatitis
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225. pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; serum amylase
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226. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
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Radiating Back Pain
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227. Chronic pancreatitis
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Complete Hydatidiform Mole
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228. No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
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Partial Hydatidiform Mole
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229. Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
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Cold Nodules
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230. Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
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Acidophils
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231. Mammotrophs = Prolactin
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232. Somatotrophs = GH
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Basophils
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233. Thyrotrophs = TSH
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234. Gonadotrophs = LH
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235. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
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Lacunar Strokes
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236. Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.
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237. Sensory: lesion of thalamus
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238. Motor: lesion of internal capsule
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CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
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239. ¯ Glucose; Protein; Neutrophils; Pressure
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CSF of Viral Meningitis
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240. Normal Glucose; +/- Protein; Lymphocytes
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Marble Bone Disease
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241. Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of d bone density, many fractures = ¯ osteoclasts
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C5a
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242. Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
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|
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C3b
|
243. Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
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Anaphylotoxins
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244. C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
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|
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Vasoactive Mediators
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245. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
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246. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF
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247. d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
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Platelet Aggregation
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248. ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
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Platelet Antagonist
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249. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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Intrinsic Pathway
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250. F XII (Hagman): APTT
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Extrinsic Pathway
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251. F VII: PT
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Lines of Zahn
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252. Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
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Currant Jelly appearance
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253. Post mortem clots
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Emigration: Chemotaxis
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254. Margination
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255. Pavementing
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256. Adhesion
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257. Chemotaxis
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258. Phagocytosis
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|
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259. Intracellular microbial killing
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Transudate
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260. Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
|
|
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Exudate
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261. Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
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Hurler’s
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262. Lysosomal storage disease a L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
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|
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Galactosemia
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263. Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. Galactose 1 Phosphate
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|
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Phenylketonuria
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264. Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Phenyalanine & degradation products
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|
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265. Mousy body odor
|
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Autosomal Dominant Diseases
|
266. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
|
|
|
|
267. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
|
|
|
|
268. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
|
|
|
|
269. Hereditary Spherocytosis
|
|
|
|
270. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p)
|
|
|
|
271. Marfan’s Syndrome
|
|
|
|
272. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s)
|
|
|
|
273. Tuberous Sclerosis
|
|
|
|
274. Von Hippel Lindau Disease
|
|
|
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
|
275. Tay-Sachs
|
|
|
|
276. Gaucher’s
|
|
|
|
277. Niemann-Pick
|
|
|
|
278. Hurler’s
|
|
|
|
279. Von Gierke’s
|
|
|
|
280. Pompe’s
|
|
|
|
281. Cori’s
|
|
|
|
282. McArdle’s
|
|
|
|
283. Galactosemia
|
|
|
|
284. PKU
|
|
|
|
285. Alcaptonuria
|
|
|
X Linked Recessive Diseases
|
286. Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
|
|
|
|
287. Fabry’s Disease (a Galactosidase A deficiency, Ceremide Trihexoside)
|
|
|
|
288. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, Ceremide Trihexoside)
|
|
|
|
289. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, Uric acid)
|
|
|
|
290. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, Ceremide trihexoside)
|
|
|
|
291. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, Ceremide Trihexoside)
|
|
|
Hypersensitivity Reactions
|
292. Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
|
|
|
“ACID”
|
293. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures
|
|
|
|
294. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
|
|
|
|
295. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing
|
|
|
Transplant Rejections
|
296. Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
|
|
|
|
297. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.
|
|
|
|
298. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.
|
|
|
Blood Metastasis
|
299. Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
|
|
Lymph Metastasis
|
300. Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
|
|
|
Aflatoxin
|
301. Seen w/ Aspergillus. risk for Hepatocellular CA
|
|
|
Cleft Lip
|
302. Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
|
|
|
Cleft Palate
|
303. Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
|
|
|
Craniopharyngioma
|
416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
|
|
|
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
|
Inolved in Vision relay
|
|
|
Medial Geniculate Body
|
Involved in Hearing relay
|
|
|
Lung Development
|
Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
|
|
|
|
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
|
|
|
|
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth
|
|
|
|
Alveolar period birth-8yoa
|
|
|
Heart’s 1st Beat
|
21-22 days
|
|
|
Foregut
|
Mouth à Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
|
|
|
Midgut
|
Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct à Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
|
|
|
Hindgut
|
Splenic Flexure à Butt crack à supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
|
|
|
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
|
Narcolepsy
|
|
|
Type I Error
|
a: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
|
|
|
Subdural Hematoma
|
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
|
|
|
Epidural Hematoma
|
Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
|
|
|
Type II Error
|
b: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
|
|
|
Power
|
1 - b
|
|
|
Sensitivity
|
TP/TP + FN
|
|
|
Specificity
|
TN/TN + FP
|
|
|
Positive Predictive Value
|
TP/TP + FP
|
|
|
Negative Predictive Value
|
TN/TN + FN
|
|
|
Odds Ratio
|
ad/bc
|
|
|
d-Dimers
|
DIC
|
|
|
Delusion
|
Disorder of thought content
|
|
|
Loose Association
|
Skip from topic to topic
|
|
|
5 Stages of Death
|
Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
|
|
|
1st Branchial Arch
|
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
|
|
|
2nd Branchial Arch
|
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
|
|
|
Median nerve lesion
|
No pronation
|
|
|
Radial nerve lesion
|
Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
|
|
|
Common peroneal lesion
|
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
|
|
|
Diract inguinal hernia
|
Goes through superficial inguinal ring.
|
|
|
|
Medial to inferior epigastric artery
|
|
|
|
Seen in older men
|
|
|
Indirect inguinal hernia
|
Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring
|
|
|
|
Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
|
|
|
|
Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close
|
|
|
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
|
T8 = Inferior vena cava
|
|
|
|
T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus
|
|
|
|
T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
|
|
|
Hemiballism
|
Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
|
|
|
O Linked Oligosaccharide
|
In the Golgi
|
|
|
N Linked Oligosaccharide
|
In the RER
|
|
|
MLF Syndrome
|
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
|
|
|
|
Seen w/ MS
|
|
|
ADA Deficiency
|
SCID
|
|
|
Raphe Nucleus
|
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
|
|
|
b waves
|
Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
|
|
|
Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
|
Hexokinase
|
|
|
|
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
|
|
|
|
Pyruvate Kinase
|
|
|
|
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
|
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
|
|
|
|
PEPCarboxyKinase
|
|
|
|
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
|
|
|
|
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
|
|
|
|
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
|
|
|
Pellagra
|
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
|
|
|
|
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
|
|
|
|
Hartnup’s Disease
|
|
|
|
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
|
|
|
|
INH use
|
|
|
TLCFN
|
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & a Ketoglutarate DH complex
|
|
|
LCAT or PCAT
|
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
|
|
|
|
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
|
|
|
HMGCoA Reductase
|
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
|
|
|
|
Changes HMGCoA à Mevalonate
|
|
|
|
(-) by Lovastatin
|
|
|
Ketogenic amino acids
|
Leucine & Lysine
|
|
|
Glucogenic amino acids
|
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
|
|
|
Keto & Gluco amino acids
|
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
|
|
|
Carnitine Shuttle
|
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
|
|
|
Cori Cycle
|
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
|
|
|
|
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
|
|
|
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
|
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
|
|
|
|
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
|
|
|
|
Digoxin [ heart contractility]
|
|
|
TCA Cycle Products
|
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation”
|
|
|
|
Citrate à Aconitate à Isocitrate à a Ketoglutarate à Succinyl à Succinate à Fumarate à Malate àOAA
|
|
|
Cones
|
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
|
|
|
Rods
|
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
|
|
|
Gastrula
|
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
|
|
|
Epiblast
|
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
|
|
|
Sydenham’s Chorea
|
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
|
|
|
(+) Frei Test
|
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
Sabouraud’s Agar
|
Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
|
|
|
FMR1 Gene Defect
|
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
|
|
|
Barr Body
|
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
|
|
|
|
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO
|
|
|
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
|
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
|
|
|
|
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation
|
|
|
Scleroderma :”CREST”
|
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
|
|
|
Cretinism
|
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
|
|
|
|
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button
|
|
|
Hemochromatosis Triad
|
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to Fe3+ deposition
|
