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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunity
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Resistance to or protection from an individual's environment.
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Antigen
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Material recognized by an immunologic system as being foreign.
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Do all antigens originate outside the body? Explain.
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No. Some antigens are altered endogenous substances that the body then treats as though foreign.
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Antibody
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Lymphocyte that is specialized for a given antigen.
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T/F. Bacteria have several antigens that can trigger the production of several corresponding antibodies.
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TRUE.
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What are the two classes of antigens?
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Complete- induce immune response and react with antibodies produced by the immune response.
Incomplete (haptens)- Can react with antibodies, but cannot produce immune response. |
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Where are antibodies produced?
Location in cell Type of cell |
Produced in cytoplasm of plasma cells, which are derived from lymphocytes.
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Immunoglobulins
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The combination of antibodies and serum proteins in blood. We have named 5 general types.
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B Cells (B Lymphocytes)
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Come from bone marrow; are the cells that are capable of becoming plasma cells that can produce antibodies.
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Where do B cells migrate after being produced in bone marrow?
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Lymphoid Tissue
Lymph nodes, tonsils, etc. |
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T Cell
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T lymphocyte; produced in thymus. Harbored mainly in lymph tissue.
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T/F. T and B cells are very different and easy to distinguish from each other.
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FALSE.
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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T cells that can directly kill foreign cells or host cells with altered antigens.
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NK Cells
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Bad ass MF. These cells can kill without antigenic stimulation.
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Immune Surveillance
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Carried out by NK Cells; ability to kill neoplastic cells before they can form neoplasms (tumors). Again, bad ass.
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Innate Immunity
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Protection of the body by any system that does not involve a response to an antigen.
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Provide two examples of innate immunity.
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NK Cells involved in immune surveillance
Acute inflammation |
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Antigen Presenting Cells
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Responsible for breakdown (processing) of antigen and presentation to T Cells.
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What are the three types of T cells?
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1.Helper- program B cells
2.Suppressor- stop antibody production 3.Cytotoxic- kill cells with specific antigen |
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Where should you look if you want to read about the process of APC processing and termination of antigen-carrying cells?
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That's right, page 64 paragraph 2.
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How long does it take to detect antibodies after antigen presentation?
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About 10 days.
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Secondary Response
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Once an antigen has been encountered, subsequent exposure triggers a more rapid antibody production.
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Memory Cells
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Lymphocytes tasked to live long and remember antigens, allowing for fast proliferation of lymphocytes after exposure to antigen.
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What are the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins?
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IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM
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IgG
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Most abundant in body; can neutralize bacteria on their own or attach to antigen on bacteria to promote phagocytosis by leukocytes.
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IgM
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Very Large! 5x IgG. Don't pass into placenta or into tissues. Quick developing, work at controlling bacteria in blood and clumping of incompatible RBC
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IgA
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Secreted into fluids such as tears and saliva. May interact with antigens before they enter the body tissues.
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IgE
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Very specific manner of action. Attach to basophils in blood and mast cells in tissues. Rxn with antigen causes release of vasoactive amines. Unknown correlation with increased eosinophil levels. neat.
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IgD
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Serves as antigen receptor on surface of B cells, along withe IgM.
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What are the two forms of Immune Deficiency Diseases?
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Primary- born with too little response to foreign antigen
Secondary- acquired lack of response to antigen. |
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Autoimmune Diseases
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Hypersensitivity rxn to the body's own components mediated by immune response.
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Four major types of allergy
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Anaphylactic-Atopic
Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Immune Complex Delayed or Cell-Mediated |
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Anaphylactic-Atopic Hypersensitivity
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Release of vasoactive amines caused by attachment of IgE to antigen while fixed to basophils or mast cells. (p 65 bottom)
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Give 4 examples of Anaphylactic-Atopic Hypersensitivity
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Hay fever/Asthma
Urticaria/Angiodema Systemic Anaphylaxis GI food allergies (p 66/67) |
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Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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Manifested by low levels of blood cells, because the rxn is targeted against them. Antibodies can be formed against RBC, WBC, or platelets, resulting in bad news.
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Give 3 examples of Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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Blood Transfusion rxn.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia/Thombocytopenia (p67-68) |
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Immune Complex Hypersensitivity
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Ag and Ab bound together and deposited in blood vessels, hence immune complex. Activates complement, which can cause vasculitis (inflamed blood vessel wall) and edema.
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What is the prototypical Immune Complex Hypersensitivity?
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Serum Sickness. When foreign serum is introduced, the body builds up antibodies, which then complex with antigen, becoming lodged in the bloodstream. Treatment is the suspension of offending material.
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Delayed or Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
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Mediated by macrophage and lymphocyte rather than antibody.
Manifest as subacute or chronic inflammation |
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What are 3 types of Delayed or Cell-Mediated hypersensitivity?
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Contact Dermatitis
Infections Graft Rejections (p 69) |
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Autoimmune Diseases
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Encompasses all four types of hypersensitivity, but 3 and 4 are most common. Lymphocytes and antibodies are developed against self antigens.
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Give 2 example of autoimmune diseases.
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SLE- systematic Lupus erythematosus (69)
MS-Multiple sclerosis (70) |
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Immunodeficiency Disease
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Inherited or acquired forms of deficient T cell or B cell or both. Classified based on component of immune system affected by disease.
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What is the most important example of an "A"cquired "I"mmunodeficiency "D"isease "S"?
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West Nile Virus? I don't know the answer to this one.
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Bonus: What happens if you don't wrap your tool?
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Penile syphilis lesion(s). Think about it.
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