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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Question
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Answer
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hypertrophy
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increased size of cells
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What determines whether a cell undergoes hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
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Depends on the regenerative capacity of the cell. Some cells can replicate and therefore undergo hyperplasia. Others such as cardiac muscle cells have limited replicative ability and respond to increased work load by increasing their size. Often both happen simultaneously such as during pregnancy.
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atrophy
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diminution in the size of the cell
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What seven stimuli induce atrophy?
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decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, aging, pressure
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hyperplasia
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increased number of cells due to increased stimulation by hormones or growth factors
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pathologic adaptation
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evidence of a response to a harmful or potentially harmful stimulus
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metaplasia
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response to chronic irritation, whereby one adult cell type is replaced by another; typically occurs in epithelial tissues including the distal end of the esophagus
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physiologic adaptation
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occurs in response to normal stress
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cell death
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occurs when normal physiologic demands are exceeded and the damage is sustained or severe
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What level (micro or macro) are cell adaptations visible on?
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both micro and macro
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homeostasis
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"steady state" in which cells are able to withstand normal physiologic demands
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reversible cell damage
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occurs when normal physiologic demands are exceeded and the stress or damage is mild or transitory
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What three stimuli induce adaptation?
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Adaptation occurs in response to increased demand, decrased demand, or chronic irritation.
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What are the four forms of cell adaptation?
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hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia
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hypoxia
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insufficient oxygen in the blood stream
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Name four morphologic changes that occur during cell injury.
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mitochondrial swelling, alterations of the plasma membrane, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum with dissociation of the ribosomes, nuclear changes (p. 21)
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What five physical agents induce cell injury?
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"Mechanical Injury,
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Electric Shock"
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liquefactive necrosis
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Inflammatory cells entirely digest the tissue. What remains is a thick liquid, or pus, composed of cellular debris. A collection of pus is called an abscess. This type of necrosis is seen in bacterial or fungal infections.
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What four infectious agents induce cell injury?
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"parasites
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fungi"
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What five cellular processes are disrupted in cell injury?
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"Generation of ATP by mitochondria,
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Membrane impermeability"
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antioxidants
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molecules that scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals that are formed under normal physiologic conditions
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endogenous
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arising from within
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oxidative stress
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Cell inury causes free radicals to form. In reaction with other molcules, the free radical causes disruption of membrane lipids, fragmentation or denaturation of proteins, and breaks in DNA. Free radicals are able to induce the conversion of other molecules to free radicals (propogation).
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examples of chemical agents that induce cell injury
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oxygen, water, glucose, salt, pharmaceutical agents, herbicides, pesticides, acids and alkalis, poisons, occupational hazards, drugs of abuse
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necrosis
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refers to cell death secondary to an irreversible, exogenous injury (lysosomes release digestive enzymes, inflammatory cells digest damaged cells)
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What are the four types of necrosis?
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"Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis,
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Fat necrosis"
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caspases
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"--production is a result of any stimulus that turns on the apoptotic message system within the cell
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--digest the intranuclear contents, including both nucleic acids and the proteins assoc"
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coagulative necrosis
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This often follows ischemic injury. The ouline of the dead cells remains, but the intracellular detail is lost. Proteins, including the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes, are denatured, so they cannto destroy the cellular components. The tissue appears mummifiied. Inflammation cells are not present because there is no blood flow.
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What six stimuli induce cell injury?
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"Oxygen Deprivation
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Nutritional Imbalances"
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disrupment of calcium homeostasis
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Calcium concentration is usually much lower within the cell than it is outside the cell. Cell injury causes leakage of calcium into the cytosol across permeable cell and intracellular organelle membranes. Increased cytosolic calcium causes activation of enzymes which break apart the constitutive and functional elements of the cell.
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fat necrosis
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"--the death of adipocytes
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--can be coagulative of liquefactive"
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What are the two forms of cell death?
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"necrosis
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apoptosis"
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hydropic change
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the endoplasmic reticulum is distended or swollen
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effects of mitochondrial damage
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loss of ATP, release of calcium into cytosol activates an enzyme which chews up everything in cytosol, cytochrome C is released promoting apoptosis
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caseous necrosis
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often results as a response to microbial infection, such as in tuberculosis ("cream cheese inside")
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dystrophic calcification
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"--refers to the formation of calcium crystals in areas of necrosis
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--This is a tell-tale sign of cell injury and is commonly seen in diseases associated with inflammation and necrosis"
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coagulative necrosis
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This often follows ischemic injury. The ouline of the dead cells remains, but the intracellular detail is lost. Proteins, including the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes, are denatured, so they cannto destroy the cellular components. The tissue appears mummifiied. Inflammation cells are not present because there is no blood flow.
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apoptosis
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"Programmed Cell Death""
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--cells with irreparable cell damage or cells that have outlived their use are dismantled from the inside"
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necrosis
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refers to cell death secondary to an irreversible, exogenous injury (lysosomes release digestive enzymes, inflammatory cells digest damaged cells)
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effects of loss of generation of ATP by mitochondria
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cell switches to anaerobic respiration, pH becomes acidic, cell processes disrupted, no protein production
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