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51 Cards in this Set

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Question
Answer
hypertrophy
increased size of cells
What determines whether a cell undergoes hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
Depends on the regenerative capacity of the cell. Some cells can replicate and therefore undergo hyperplasia. Others such as cardiac muscle cells have limited replicative ability and respond to increased work load by increasing their size. Often both happen simultaneously such as during pregnancy.
atrophy
diminution in the size of the cell
What seven stimuli induce atrophy?
decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, aging, pressure
hyperplasia
increased number of cells due to increased stimulation by hormones or growth factors
pathologic adaptation
evidence of a response to a harmful or potentially harmful stimulus
metaplasia
response to chronic irritation, whereby one adult cell type is replaced by another; typically occurs in epithelial tissues including the distal end of the esophagus
physiologic adaptation
occurs in response to normal stress
cell death
occurs when normal physiologic demands are exceeded and the damage is sustained or severe
What level (micro or macro) are cell adaptations visible on?
both micro and macro
homeostasis
"steady state" in which cells are able to withstand normal physiologic demands
reversible cell damage
occurs when normal physiologic demands are exceeded and the stress or damage is mild or transitory
What three stimuli induce adaptation?
Adaptation occurs in response to increased demand, decrased demand, or chronic irritation.
What are the four forms of cell adaptation?
hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen in the blood stream
Name four morphologic changes that occur during cell injury.
mitochondrial swelling, alterations of the plasma membrane, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum with dissociation of the ribosomes, nuclear changes (p. 21)
What five physical agents induce cell injury?
"Mechanical Injury,
Electric Shock"
liquefactive necrosis
Inflammatory cells entirely digest the tissue. What remains is a thick liquid, or pus, composed of cellular debris. A collection of pus is called an abscess. This type of necrosis is seen in bacterial or fungal infections.
What four infectious agents induce cell injury?
"parasites
fungi"
What five cellular processes are disrupted in cell injury?
"Generation of ATP by mitochondria,
Membrane impermeability"
antioxidants
molecules that scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals that are formed under normal physiologic conditions
endogenous
arising from within
oxidative stress
Cell inury causes free radicals to form. In reaction with other molcules, the free radical causes disruption of membrane lipids, fragmentation or denaturation of proteins, and breaks in DNA. Free radicals are able to induce the conversion of other molecules to free radicals (propogation).
examples of chemical agents that induce cell injury
oxygen, water, glucose, salt, pharmaceutical agents, herbicides, pesticides, acids and alkalis, poisons, occupational hazards, drugs of abuse
necrosis
refers to cell death secondary to an irreversible, exogenous injury (lysosomes release digestive enzymes, inflammatory cells digest damaged cells)
What are the four types of necrosis?
"Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis,
Fat necrosis"
caspases
"--production is a result of any stimulus that turns on the apoptotic message system within the cell
--digest the intranuclear contents, including both nucleic acids and the proteins assoc"
coagulative necrosis
This often follows ischemic injury. The ouline of the dead cells remains, but the intracellular detail is lost. Proteins, including the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes, are denatured, so they cannto destroy the cellular components. The tissue appears mummifiied. Inflammation cells are not present because there is no blood flow.
What six stimuli induce cell injury?
"Oxygen Deprivation
Nutritional Imbalances"
disrupment of calcium homeostasis
Calcium concentration is usually much lower within the cell than it is outside the cell. Cell injury causes leakage of calcium into the cytosol across permeable cell and intracellular organelle membranes. Increased cytosolic calcium causes activation of enzymes which break apart the constitutive and functional elements of the cell.
fat necrosis
"--the death of adipocytes
--can be coagulative of liquefactive"
What are the two forms of cell death?
"necrosis
apoptosis"
hydropic change
the endoplasmic reticulum is distended or swollen
effects of mitochondrial damage
loss of ATP, release of calcium into cytosol activates an enzyme which chews up everything in cytosol, cytochrome C is released promoting apoptosis
caseous necrosis
often results as a response to microbial infection, such as in tuberculosis ("cream cheese inside")
dystrophic calcification
"--refers to the formation of calcium crystals in areas of necrosis
--This is a tell-tale sign of cell injury and is commonly seen in diseases associated with inflammation and necrosis"
coagulative necrosis
This often follows ischemic injury. The ouline of the dead cells remains, but the intracellular detail is lost. Proteins, including the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes, are denatured, so they cannto destroy the cellular components. The tissue appears mummifiied. Inflammation cells are not present because there is no blood flow.
apoptosis
"Programmed Cell Death""
--cells with irreparable cell damage or cells that have outlived their use are dismantled from the inside"
necrosis
refers to cell death secondary to an irreversible, exogenous injury (lysosomes release digestive enzymes, inflammatory cells digest damaged cells)
effects of loss of generation of ATP by mitochondria
cell switches to anaerobic respiration, pH becomes acidic, cell processes disrupted, no protein production