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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What determines a tumor grade?
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Microscopic features (cytology or histology).
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Describe the differentiation of a low grade and a high grade tumor.
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Low - well-differentiated. High - poorly differentiated and/or anaplastic.
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How does the N:C ratio change as malignancies progress?
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N:C ratio increases as malignancy progresses.
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What does cancer staging indicate?
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The degree of cancer spread; assigned at time of dx.
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Which tumor characteristic is a better correlate to clinical outcomes?
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Tumor staging.
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What are the three criteria for tumor staging?
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Primary tumor size, involved lymph nodes (regional), and distant metastases.
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When do you analyze tissue in a frozen section?
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Pt. still on table, needing a presumptive dx before proceeding with procedure.
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What is the drawback to using a frozen section?
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Can have poor morphology.
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Intercellular bridge are a hallmark of __.
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SCC.
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The keratin pearl and pearlescent quality upon PE indicate __.
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SCC.
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Upon immunohistochemistry, blue is __.
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Bad. Indicates lots of dna present.
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In order to categorize undifferentiated tumors, leukemias and lymphomas you use __.
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Immunohistochemistry.
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What can immunohistochemistry help you determine and detect?
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Determine site of origin of metastatic tumors and detect molecules that could help with therapy.
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How do immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry use antibodies differently?
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IHC uses antibodies indirectly. FC uses antibodies directly.
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Flow cytometry can identify __ and determine __.
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Identify cell surface antigens and determine ploidy.
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This ancillary study can help subtype leukemias and lymphomas.
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Flow cytometry.
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Molecular diagnosis helps you with one obvious things and three others.
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1. Diagnosis 2. Prognosis 3. Detection of minimal residual disease 4. Hereditary predisposition to cancer
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Serum markers are quite useful for four things but should NEVER be used as __ __.
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Useful for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring therapeutic outcomes. NEVER use them as primary diagnostic testing.
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hGC.
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Germ cell tumor.
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Calcitonin.
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Medullary cancer of thyroid.
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Catecholamines and metabolites.
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Pheochromocytoma.
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Ectopic hormones.
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Small cell carcinoma.
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CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen.
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Colon, stomach, and pancreas cancer.
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CA-19-9.
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Colon and pancreatic cancer.
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CA-15-3.
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Breast cancer.
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Immunoglobulins.
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Plasma cell myeloma.
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Keratins.
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Carcinomas.
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Desmin.
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Muscle tumors (smooth and striated).
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Vimentin.
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Mesenchymal tumors.
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Glial filaments.
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Glial tumors.
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Neurofilaments.
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Neuronal tumors.
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N-myc.
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Neuroblastomas.
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Bcl-2.
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Lymphomas.
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Neuron-specific enolase.
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Small cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma.
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Cathepsin D, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor.
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Breast cancer.
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CDs.
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Lymphomas and leukemias.
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Kappa or lambda light chains.
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Multiple myeloma.
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