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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is angiogenesis required for tumor growth?
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The tumor requires oxygen and as it grows, it will outgrow its original supply.
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Define angiogenic switch.
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Signal from certain cytokines to start angiogenesis that outweighs the inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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Angiogenic vessels lack the __ of normal vessels. What does this indicate?
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Laminar structure. Indicates that the new vessels are following chemotactic factors.
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Release of __ __ indicates the beginning of invasion.
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Proteolytic enzymes - degrade basement membrane.
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Why do cells elaborate autocrine motility factor?
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To allow invasion.
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What keeps tumor cells together?
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E-cadherins.
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Name one way that tumor cells can survive metastasizing through the blood.
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Formation of a tumor thrombus - covered with fibrin.
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Is there a metastasis gene?
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No, but nm23 may be a metastases suppressor.
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What often dictates metastasis?
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Vascular flow.
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What does the seed and soil hypothesis mean?
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Some tissues are more receptive to metastases than others.
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Name two organs that are often unhospitable to metastatses.
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Brain and skeletal muscle.
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Define tumor heterogeneity.
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As the tumor develops, it accumulates changes in its genome and becomes more heterogeneous.
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Name the six ways that tumors can have a local effect.
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Vital organ compression; GI or GU obstruction; mucosal ulceration; secondary bleeding and/or infection; increased pressure in confined spaces; and nerve invasion.
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Tumors can have systemic effects, also known as __ __.
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Endocrine effects.
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__ __ is an example of a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by tumor-induced endocrinopathy.
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Cushing syndrome,
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Small cell carcinoma of the lung can cause ectopic increases in what three hormones?
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ACTH, ADH, and PTHrP.
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Serotonin is increased by this malignant tumor.
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Bronchial carcinoid.
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Ovarian teratomas can stimulate ectopic release of __ __.
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Thyroid hormone.
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Paraneoplastic syndromes can represent or mimic what?
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Can representation the earliest manifestations of an occult neoplasm or can mimic other disease processes (metastatic or not).
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Half of patients with paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome also have this neoplasm.
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Small cell carcinoma.
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From what cells do small cell carcinomas arise?
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Neuroendocrine cells.
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Name tumors that can cause hypoglycemia.
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Fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular cancer.
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These can cause carcinoid syndrome.
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Bronchial adenoma, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer.
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Renal cancer, cerebellar hemangioma, and hepatocellular cancer can all cause this paraneoplastic syndrome.
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Polycythemia.
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Name the three generalized systemic effects of tumors.
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Cachexia, fever, fatigue.
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How is cachexia different from starvation?
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Starvation breaks down fat first but cachexia breaks down fat and muscle.
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“Cachexin”
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TNF-alpha.
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