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31 Cards in this Set

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Cancer, in general, results from __ mutations. Hereditary dz comes from __ mutations.
Generally, somatic mutations. Hereditary - germ-line.
Oncogene = ?
Genes that promote autonomous cell growth in neoplasms.
Protooncogene = ?
Tightly controlled genes that promote autonomous cell growth in neoplasms.
__ is the most commonly mutated oncogene.
Ras.
Ras mutation leads to _?
Constitutive activation of cell cycle that leads to uncontrolled growth.
Name the three codons that have issues in Ras mutation.
12, 13, and 61.
__ negatively regulated Ras.
GAPs.
K-RAS mutations are commonly found in what four malignancies?
GI, endometrial, lung, and myeloid.
N-RAS mutations are commonly found in what two malignancies?
Myeloid and melanoma.
H-RAS mutations are commonly found in what malignancy?
Bladder cancer.
Chromosomal translocations cause malignancy through oncoprotein __ and oncogene __.
Oncoprotein fusion. Oncogene activation.
100% of patients with endemic or non-endemic Burkitt lymphoma have this molecular signal of cell growth.
c-myc.
HER2 shows an example of __ __ in breast cancer. This activates __.
Gene amplification. Activates oncogenes.
This protooncogene codes for PDGF.
c-SIS.
Overexpression of PDGF is found in what two malignancies?
Astrocytoma and osteosarcoma.
This oncogene stimulates growth by interacting with receptors that have tyrosine kinase activity.
HER2.
These two oncogenes increase activity by coding for signaling molecules.
ABL and Ras.
How do the MYC genes code for unregulated cell growth?
They code for transcription factors that cause dysregulation of other genes critical to cell proliferation or the cell cycle.
When particular CDKs bind with particular cyclins, __ initiates the cell cycle.
Phosphorylation.
Two-hit hypothesis of tumor suppressor genes.
Must lose activity of both alleles for tumor suppressor to be active.
What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene? Which one requires one allele to be mutated for tumorigenesis?
Oncogenes activate mutations. Tumor suppressor genes inactivate mutations. Oncogenes only need one mutated allele to promote tumorigenesis.
__ is active when hypophosphorylated; it binds to E2F, blocking the cell cycle at G1 --> S.
Rb.
E_ blocks Rb.
E7.
__ is the most common mutation found in cancer.
p53.
Working p53 increases __ and __.
p2 (CDK inhibitor) and BAX (apoptosis).
This TSG is involved in neurofibromatosis.
NF1.
This TSG is involved in FAP and hepatocellular carcinoma.
APC.
This TSG is involved in Wilms tumor.
WT1.
This TSG is involved in renal ca, pheochromocytoma, and CNS hemangioblastomas.
VHL.
__ is the prototype anti-apoptosis gene.
BCL-2.
BAX promotes __.
Apoptosis.