Parts Of The Brain

Front 1

The Neuron

Back 1

-Around 10 billion in human brain
- Peripheral Neurons: Take information to and fro between the CNS and various regions of the body.
- Many neurons can rapidly change their electron state: Cahnges are called action potentials
- Changes in electrical voltage constitute the signalling system, or language, of the nervous system.

Front 2

Neural Pathway

Back 2

Pathway consisting of neurons over which information travels.

Front 3

Afferent Neurons

Back 3

Neurons that carry information to the Central Nervous System.

Front 4

Efferent Neurons

Back 4

Neurons that carry information from the Central Nervous System to other parts of the body.

Front 5

Axon

Back 5

Carries information from the rest of the cell body to the synapse; sends information from neuron to neuron.

Front 6

Dendritic Tree

Back 6

Receives input from other cells (synapse to tree)

Front 7

Glia

Back 7

Have many functions- they modify the environment for neurons, remove dead neurons, myelinate the axons (makes them faster), provide structural support, and helps maintain the blood brain barrier (astrocyte).

Front 8

White Matter

Back 8

Myelination from glial cells; all that fattiness; bundles of axons sending information from one area to another.

Front 9

Gray Matter

Back 9

Neuronal cell bodies (all the cell bodies of neurons).

Front 10

Central Nervous System

Back 10

The brain and the spinal cord.

Front 11

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 11

All neural tissue outside of the CNS; sensory neurons throughout the body; motor neurons.

Front 12

Anterior

Back 12

Front.

Front 13

Posterior

Back 13

Back.

Front 14

Superior

Back 14

Top.

Front 15

Inferior

Back 15

Bottom.

Front 16

Rostral

Back 16

Toward the front/toward the head (like in a dog)

Front 17

Caudal

Back 17

Toward the back/toward the tail

Front 18

Dorsal

Back 18

Above/toward the back.

Front 19

Ventral

Back 19

Below/ toward the stomach.

Front 20

Medial

Back 20

Toward the middle.

Front 21

Lateral

Back 21

Away from the middle.

Front 22

Proximal

Back 22

Near.

Front 23

Distal

Back 23

Far

Front 24

Bilateral

Back 24

Both sides of the brain.

Front 25

Unilateral

Back 25

One side of the brain.

Front 26

Ipsilateral

Back 26

On the same side.

Front 27

Contralateral

Back 27

On the opposite side.

Front 28

Coronal

Back 28

Brain is separated from front to back; like ear muffs

Front 29

Horizontal

Back 29

Brain is separated left from right

Front 30

Ventricles

Back 30

Fluid filled spaces in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 31

Lateral Ventricles

Back 31

The biggest ones in the middle. Separate left and right; 1st and 2nd ventricles.

Front 32

Third Ventricle

Back 32

medial, situated at midline, between left and right thalamus.

Front 33

Fourth Ventricle

Back 33

Diamond shaped, between pons and medulla

Front 34

Spinal Cord

Back 34

Brings information from peripheral sensory organs to the brain and sends motor information out. Gray matter surrounded by white matter encased in bone.

Front 35

Medulla

Back 35

Just superior of the spinal cord; where motor fibers cross from one side to the other; contains most of the cell bodies of the cranial nerves.

Front 36

Cerebellum

Back 36

Roles in movement, balances, posture controle and some cognition.

Front 37

Pons

Back 37

Superior to the medulla; connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Plays role in eye movements and balance. A relay center from ear to brain.

Front 38

Midbrain

Back 38

Integration of visual and auditory information occurs here. Contains the superior and inferior colliculus.

Front 39

Superior Colliculus

Back 39

Visual

Front 40

Inferior Colliculus

Back 40

Auditory

Front 41

Thalamus

Back 41

Major relay station for incoming sensory information and outgoing motor information.

Front 42

Hypothalamus

Back 42

Helps maintain a steady state... feeding, drinking, body temperature regulation, secretes hormones and fight or flight reactions.

Front 43

Diencephalon

Back 43

The thalamus and hypothalamus together.

Front 44

Subcortical System

Back 44

All the structures beneath the cortex

Front 45

Basal Ganglia

Back 45

Contains the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus palladus. Helps control voluntary movement. Function together via exictatory and inhibitory connections.

Front 46

The Limbic System

Back 46

Memories and emotions, contains the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the cingulate cortex, the anterior thalamus, the mammilary body and the hippocampus.

Front 47

Amygdala

Back 47

Controls aggression and fear.

Front 48

Cingulate Cortex

Back 48

Error prediction and pain perception.

Front 49

Anterior Thalamus

Back 49

Relay Station.

Front 50

Mammillary Body

Back 50

Associated with amnesia.

Front 51

Hippocampus

Back 51

Memory formation (Long term)

Front 52

Cerebral Cortex

Back 52

The surface of the brain, all the bumps and grooves. Each bump is a gyrus, each groove is a sulcus. A very deep sulcus is a fissure.

Front 53

Longitudinal Fissure

Back 53

Separates left and right hemispheres

Front 54

Central Sulcus

Back 54

Runs from lateral to medial part of brain.

Front 55

Four Lobes of the Brains (Created by fissures)

Back 55

Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe and Parietal Lobe

Front 56

Broadman's area

Back 56

Divided brain into separate areas based off of cell and neuron density.

Front 57

Primary Motor Cortex

Back 57

Runs earmuff style along cortex, sends information down to muscles telling them when to move and when it's appropriate to move. Different regions of this are designated to different parts of the body.

Front 58

Primary Sensory Cortex/Somatosensory Cortex

Back 58

Sensation of touch, pain and temperature; also runs earmuff style; also divided into designated parts.

Front 59

Ofactory Cortex

Back 59

Contains olfactory bulbs and is used for sense of smell.

Front 60

Gustatory Cortex

Back 60

Insular cortex, used for taste

Front 61

Association Areas

Back 61

Areas that are multimodal; combines information from varoius brain areas. Frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

Front 62

Frontal Lobe

Back 62

Planning, guidance and evaluation of behavior. Phineas Gage and the railroad spike.

Front 63

Parietal Lobe

Back 63

Integration of information across sensory modalities. When damaged, hemineglect can occur.

Front 64

Temporal Lobe

Back 64

Memory, visual item recognition, emotion and auditory processing. When damaged, deficits when recognizing common objects.

Front 65

Lesion Studies

Back 65

Studying a damaged section of the brain to determine that part's function. Ex: Somebody who can't say 'tan'

Front 66

Stroke

Back 66

Cerebrovascular accident or CVA; a defect in circulation of the brain. Hemorrhagic- blood spilling out into brain. Ischemic- clot stops bood supply to section of brain.

Front 67

Single Case Studies and Group Studies

Back 67

Single Case study is an in depth study of one person (HM couldn't form new memories). Finding commonalities among a group with same damage or same behavior.

Front 68

Localization of Function

Back 68

Individual part of the brain does an individual action

Front 69

Mass Action

Back 69

The entire brain is working together for every action.

Front 70

Double Dissociation

Back 70

Way to determine if two cognitive functions are independent of one another. Broca and Wernickes

Front 71

Limitations of Lesion Method

Back 71

Variability across lesions (size, exact location) and variability among patients that have lesions.

Front 72

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Back 72

Uses Xrays, but anybody can get one.

Front 73

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Back 73

Uses a magnetic field stronger than Earth's! Not everybody can have them.



Detects changes in bloodflow to parts of the brain.

Front 74

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Back 74

Can detect the amount of a substance being used by brain regions (glucose; neurotransmitters). Need to inject a radioactive substance.

Front 75

Single Cell Recording

Back 75

Electron placed on/in cell and activity is recorded.

Front 76

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Back 76

Electrodes placed on scalp to record brain activity; represent activity of neurons; sleep patterns and seizures.

Front 77

Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

Back 77

Like EEG's, but used to record activity during specific event. N and P are negative and positive, graph is opposite, and number is milliseconds after the event.

Front 78

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Back 78

Similar to ERP's, but record magnetic potentials. Locates source of epileptic activity; used to know what areas to avoid during surgery.

Front 79

Neuropsychology

Back 79

Study of the brain-behavior relationships; measure cognition and behavior to infer brain function; understand explain and predict behavior (what are the strengths and deficit and what can we predict)

Front 80

Premorbid Functioning

Back 80

Determining what level of functioning the brain was at before damage occurred. Vocabulary is used to determined this (usually)

Front 81

Draganski

Back 81

Increase in gray matter for people who learned how to juggle. Decrease in it after they stopped.

Front 82

Endorphins

Back 82

reduce pain and elevate mood ("runner's high")

Front 83

Dopamine

Back 83

produced in the substantia nigra and released in 1 or 2 pathways and is responsible for reward-driven learning

Front 84

Seratonin

Back 84

regulates pain, sleep, eating, emotional arousal and mood (decreased 5-HT in depression and anxiety)

Front 85

Acetylcholine

Back 85

involved in learning and memory and muscle contractions (Alzheimer's Disease is the loss of ACh)

Front 86

Chunking

Back 86

memory technique that uses knowledge stored in LTM to group info in larger units that single words or digits to aid memory

Front 87

Nodes

Back 87

a set of neurons distributed throughout the brain fire together to produce a mental representation of an object, concept or category (nodes without a direct link can become associated through experience)