Part Iv: Homeostatic Imbalances Of The Urinary System

Front 1

Hydronephrosis

Back 1

is a condition where the ureters are unable to drain urine from the kidneys and the backed up urine exerts pressure on the kidney tissue.

Front 2

An abnormally low urinary output is called _________ if it is between 100 and 400 ml/day, and ________ if it is less than 100 ml/day.

Back 2

oliguria
anuria

Front 3

Low urinary output usually indicates that

Back 3

glomerular blood pressure it too low to cause filtration, but anuria may also result from transfusion reactions and acute inflammation or from crushing injuries of the kidney.

Front 4

When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis. These crystals are called ______ ______, or _______ _______.

Back 4

renal calculi
kidney stones

Front 5

Excruciating pain that radiates to the flank occurs when the ureter walls close in on the sharp calculi as they are being eased through the ureter by peristalsis or when the...

Back 5

calculi become wedged in a ureter.

Front 6

Urethritis

Back 6

is inflammation of the urethra.

Front 7

If the inflammation spreads to the bladder it is called ________, and inflammation of the kidney is _________.

Back 7

cystitis
pyelonephritis

Front 8

Symptoms of a urinary tract infection include...

Back 8

painful urination, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, and sometimes cloudy or blood-tinged urine.

When the kidneys are involved, back pain and a severe headache are common.

Front 9

Incontinence

Back 9

occurs when an individual is unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter. Incontinence is normal in children 2 years old or younger, because they have not yet gained control over their voluntary sphincter.

After the toddler years, incontinence is usually a result of emotional problems, pressure, or nervous system problems.

Front 10

Urinary retention

Back 10

is essentially the opposite of incontinence. It is a condition in which the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine.

Front 11

Another cause of urinary retention, occurring primarily in older men, is enlargement, or __________, of the prostate gland.

Back 11

hyperplasia

As the prostate gland enlarges, it narrows the urethra, making it very difficult to void.

Front 12

When ADH is not released, large amounts of very dilute urine flush from the body day after day. This condition, _______ __________, can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Back 12

diabetes insipidus

Affected individuals are always thirsty and have to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance.

Front 13

Polyuria

Back 13

is a condition where large amounts of urine are excreted, and a tremendous amount of salt and water are lost from the body. Adequate amounts of salt and fluids must be ingested to avoid dehydration.

Front 14

________________ can cause polyuria.

Back 14

Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism)

Front 15

Adult polycystic kidney disease

Back 15

is a degenerative condition that appears to run in families. One or both kidneys enlarge, sometimes to the size of a football, and have many cysts containing urine. These cysts interfere with renal function by obstructing, but initially not stopping urine drainage.

Front 16

Hypospadias

Back 16

is a congenital abnormality found in male babies. It occurs when the urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis. Corrective surgery is generally done when the child is around 12 months old.

Front 17

Glomerulonephritis

Back 17

is where the glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes resulting from an untreated strep infection.