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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What system communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood?
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Endocrine System
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What system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages very quickly from cell to cell?
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Nervous System
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What system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
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The central nervous system (CNS)
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Function: Integration, processing, coordination
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What system consists of all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord? (nerves and ganglia)
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The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Function: Input and output from CNS
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What is a nerve?
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A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue
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What is a ganglion (ganglia)?
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a knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated.
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Which system is divided into sensory and motor?
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The peripheral
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Which system carries sensory signals from receptors to the CNS?
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The sensory (afferent) division
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Which system carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells?
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The motor (efferent) division
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What is the sympathetic division in the visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)?
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"Fight or Flight"
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What is the parasympathetic division in the visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)?
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"Rest and Digest"
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What is the communicative role of the nervous system carried out by?
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nerve cells/neurons
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What properties do nerve cells/neurons have that enable them to communicate with other cells?
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1. Excitability (irritability)
2. Conductivity 3. Secretion |
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Which type of neurons are specialized to detect stimuli and transmit info about them to the CNS?
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Which type of neurons are specialized to receive signals from other neurons and carry out the function of the nervous system? (process, store, and receive info and "make decisions")
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Interneurons (association neurons)
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Which type of neurons are specialized to send signals to muscle and gland cells?
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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What is the control center of the neuron called?
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Soma (soma=body)
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What do glial cells do?
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They protect the neurons and help them function
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What are the 6 types of glial cells?
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1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Ependymal cells 3. Microglia 4. Astrocytes 5. Schwann cells 6. Satellite cells |
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Which glial cell aids in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers and form myelin/neurilemma around the PNS?
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Shwann cells
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Which glial cell produces CSF and lines the cavities of the brain and spinal cord?
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Ependymal cell
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Which glial cell forms myelin in the brain and spinal cord?
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Oligodendrocytes
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Which glial cell "eats" and destroys microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue?
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Microglia
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Which glial cell surrounds the somas of neurons in the ganglia and provides electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons
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Satellite cells
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Which glial cell forms a supportive framework in the CNS, induces formation of the blood-brain barrier, nourishes neurons, and produces growth factors that stimulate neurons.
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Astrocytes
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Which glial cells belong to the PNS?
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*Schwann cells
*Satellite cells |
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Which glial cells belong to the CNS?
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*Oligodendrocytes
*Microglia *Astrocytes *Ependymal |
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What are dendrites?
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Dendrites are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons.. the more dendrites, the more info a neuron can receive and incorporate into its decision making.
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What type of neurons has 1 axon and multiple dendrites?
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Multipolar neurons
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Most Common, motor neurons.
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What type of neurons has 2 distinct processes off of the cell body 1 axon and 1 dendrite?
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Bipolar neurons
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Rare; found in retina
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What type of neurons has one distinct process off of the cell body; the dendrite and axon are continuous?
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Unipolar neuron
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Most PNS sensory neurons.
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What is the insulating layer around a nerve fiber formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS?
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Myelin sheath
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The gaps in between the segments of the myelin sheath are called_______?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What factors create faster conduction speed of nerve fibers?
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1. Larger nerve fibers (size)
2. Myelinated nerve fibers |
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The Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) results from what 3 combined factors?
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1. diffusion of ions down their concentration gradients through the membrane
2. selective permeability of the membrane (allowing some ions to pass more easily than others.) 3. the electrical attraction of cations and anions to each other. |
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What is the flow of charged particles (ions)?
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Electric current
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What is the concentration gradients of ions (Na+ and K+); diffusion?
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Chemical gradient
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What is the separation of charge; "opposite attract"
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Electrical gradient
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What is the un-equal concentrations of charge inside and outside?
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Transmembrane potential
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What slows flow of ions?
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Resistance
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Higher Na+ outside; higher K+ inside is________? Why?
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Concentration gradients. There is more Na+ in the ECF, more Na+ in the ICF.
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What is Resting Membrane Potential?
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When a cell has unequal Positive on the outside and negative on the inside. approx -70.0 mv
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Describe the Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na+-K+)...
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Sodium leaks into the cell, Potassium leaks out. It pumps 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ it brings in. It maintains Na+ and K+ concentration in ICF.
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What are a bundle of axons in the CNS called?
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Tracts
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What are a bundle of axons in the PNS called?
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Nerves
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What are a collection of cell bodies in the CNS called?
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Nucleus (Nuclei)
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What are a collection of cell bodies in the PNS called?
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Ganglion (Ganglia)
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What are masses of myelinated axons (conduction)?
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White matter
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What are masses of dendrites, cell bodies, and un-myelinated axons (interpretation, coordination, integration)
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Grey matter
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T/F: the Resting Membrane Potential can increase/decrease the likelihood of an action potential.
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True
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What is the shift in electrical potential across a membrane associated with excitation of a nerve or muscle cell?
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Depolarization
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What is the shift in electrical potential across a membrane to a value more negative than the RMP, tending to inhibit a nerve or muscle cell?
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Hyperpolarization
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A more dramatic change produced by voltage-regulated ion gates in the plasma membrane called?
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Action potential
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What is the process of a nerve signal that jumps from node to node called?
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Saltatory conduction
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What NT open gates to depolarize postsynaptic membrane?
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
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What NT open gates to hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane?
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
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What is the most common inhibitory NT in the brain?
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GABA
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What is the most common excitatory NT in the brain?
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Glutamate
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What is the most common excitatory NT in the spinal cord?
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Aspartate
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Which nerve is used in chewing?
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Trigeminal
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Which nerve is used in lateral eye movement?
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Abducens
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Which nerve is used in creating facial expressions, secretions of tears, saliva, and mucus?
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Facial
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Which nerve is used in hearing and balance?
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Vestibulocochlear
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Which nerve is used in salivation, swallowing, and gagging?
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Glossopharyngeal
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Which nerve is used in swallowing, speech, cardiac, respiratory, and digestion?
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Vagus
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Which nerve is used in swallowing, tongue movements for speech, and eating?
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Hypoglossal
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What is the pons?
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Part of the brain stem, connected to the medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain. It consists of white matter and fiber tracts.
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Which nerve is used in eye and eye lid movement, pupil constriction, focusing?
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Oculomotor
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Which nerve is used in eye movement?
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Trochlear
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How do the neurons of the CNS receive oxygen and nutrients?
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1. Blood supply
2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 3. Brain barrier system |
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