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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Approximate size of the heart? |
Fist |
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Where is the heart located? |
2/3 to the left of midsternal line of thorax |
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What is PMI? |
Point of maximal impulse-where the heart is closest to the body surface |
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What is the widest portion of the heart? |
The base |
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What are the two largest blood vessels in the heart? |
Superior vena cava and aorta |
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What is the function of the superior vena cava? |
carries oxygen poor blood towards the heart and empties into the right atrium of the heart. |
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What is the function of the Aorta? |
Main artery that carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart towards the rest of the body. |
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What encloses the heart? |
Pericardium, a double layered sac. |
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What are the layers of the pericardium? |
Outtermost fibrous layer pericardium and inner serous pericardium |
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What is the function of the outtermost fibrous pericardium? |
Superficial layer that protects, anchors, and prevents heart from overfilling with blood. *MOST EXTERNAL |
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What is the inner serous pericardium made of? |
two layered membrane that lines body cavities and surrounds internal organs. |
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What are the layers of the inner serous pericardium? |
Parietal pericardium (outer layer) and visceral pericardium/epicardium (inner layer) |
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The parietal pericardium lines what? |
Mediastinum |
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visceral pericardium (epicardium) is located where? |
on external surface of heart, directly covers heart. |
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What is each serous membrane (serosa) composed of? |
simple squamous epithelium layer and a CT (areolar) layer underneath. |
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What are the three types of serous membranes? |
-Pericardium (lines mediastinum) -Pleura (surrounds lungs and thoracic cavity) -peritoneum (lines abdominopelvic) |
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Name the serous membrane (pericardium) from the outside in? |
-Parietal Pericardium -Pericardial Cavity -Visceral Pericardium |
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What are the three layers of the heart wall? |
-Epicardium -Myocardium (muscle cells-bulk of heart) -Endocardium (innermost layer) |
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What is endothelium? |
Simple squamous epithelial cells lining blood vessels. heart and lymphatic vessels |
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What are the features of cardiac muscle cells? |
-Striated -involuntary muscle -branched -mono-nucleated cells with intercalated disc |
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Which layer of the heart wall consumes the most energy? |
Myocardium |
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How many chambers does the heart have? |
Four Chambers- Two upper and two lower |
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What are the upper chambers of the heart? |
Two Atrias-RECEIVING chambers for blood RETURNING to the heart from pulmonary and systemic circulation. |
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What separates the two ATRIAS? |
Interatrial septum |
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What encircles junction of atria and ventricles externally? |
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular grove) |
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What are the two lower chambers of the heart? |
Two Ventricles-Discharging chambers that dispel blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation. |
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What are the two ventricles of the heart separated by? |
Interventricular Septum |
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Name the pathway of blood through the heart? |
1) Right atrium 2) Right ventricle 3) flow to lungs 4) lungs 5) left atrium 6) left ventricle 7) Body |
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What is the function of VEINS? |
Carry oxygen-depleted blood TOWARDS THE HEART. (minus exception) |
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What is an exception for veins? |
-Coronary veins carry oxygen poor blood AWAY from the heart. -Pulmonary veins carry oxygen rick blood TOWARDS the heart. |
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What is the function of arteries? |
Carries oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart to all parts of the body. |
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What are the exceptions for arteries? |
-Coronary arteries that deliver oxygen rich blood TOWARDS the heart. -Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood TOWARDS THE LUNGS. |
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Pulmonary arteries carry? |
Oxygen poor blood |
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Pulmonary veins carry? |
Oxygen rich blood |
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What are the walls of the atria ridged by? |
Pectinate muscles (resemble teeth of comb) |
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What is the function of pectinate muscles? |
Allows maximum contraction of atria using minimal muscle mass. |
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What are the vessels entering right atrium? |
-Superior vena cava (vein) -Inferior vena cava (vein) -Coronary sinus (vein) |
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Function of superior vena cava? |
collects oxygen poor blood from UPPER body |
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Function of inferior vena cava? |
Collects oxygen poor blood from UPPER body (same as superior vena cava) |
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What is the function of coronary sinus (vein)? |
collects oxygen poor blood from heart itself. |
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What are the vessels entering the left atrium? |
Right and left pulmonary veins (oxygen RICH blood) |
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Auricle resembles? |
ear like flaps |
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What are the walls of the ventricles ridged by? |
Trabeculae Carneae |
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What is the function of trabeculae carneae? |
-Pulley system (tension and contraction) -Prevents bubble formation |
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What projects into ventricular cavities? |
Papillary muscles |
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What happens when papillary muscles relax? |
Atrial valves open to allow blood from from two upper chambers into two lower chambers. |
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What happens when papillary muscles contract? |
Valve closes forming a tight seal so that no leakage of blood back into the atria occurs. |
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Vessel leaving right ventricle? |
Plumonary trunk |
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Vessel leaving left ventricle? |
Aorta |
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Pulmonary circuit function? |
right side pump where Vessels carry blood to and from lungs. |
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Systemic Circuit function? |
Left side pump where vessels carry blood to and from all body tissues. |
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How do capillaries come into play? |
They allow diffusion from lungs to blood |
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What is the steps of capillary diffusion? |
1)artery 2)arteriole 3)capillaries connect 4) venules 5) veins |
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What is the pathway of blood through the heart from atrium? |
Right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle |
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What is the pathway of blood through the heart from ventricle? |
Right ventricle to pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary artery to lungs. |
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What is the function of coronary circulation? |
Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself (1/20 to heart) |
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Coronary circulation-What are the arteries? |
-Right and left coronary (in coronary sulcus) -Anterior and posterior interventricular arteries (in interventricular sulcus) |
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Coronary circulation-What are the veins? |
Coronary sinus (only in posterior view) |
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What purpose does the coronary circuit serve? |
It delivers 1/20 of the bodys blood supply to heart muscle itself. |
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What is the function of coronary veins? |
Vessels that remove oxygen poor blood away from heart muscle. |
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What is another term for "chest pain"? |
angina pectoris-caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium, making cells weak |
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What is another term for "heart attack"? |
Myocardial Infarction-cells are less elastic, limits how well heart contracts to pump blood. |
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What happens to the heart valves when ventricles contract? |
Semilunar valves open allowing blood to flow out of ventricles. |
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What happens when RIGHT ventricle contracts? |
Blood low in oxygen flows through the pulmonary semilunar valve (PSV) into the right/left pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. *PSV=OPEN* |
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What happens when LEFT ventricle contracts? |
Fresh rich blood flows through aortic semilunar valves (ASV) into aorta and out to body. *ASV=open* |
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What happens to the heart valves when ventricles RELAX? |
Semilunar valves CLOSE and atrioventricular valves are OPEN, ventricles continue to fill with blood. *never open at same time* |
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What do Atrioventricular Valves prevent? (AV) |
Backflow into ATRIA when ventricles CONTRACTS |
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What do Semilunar Valves prevent? (SV) |
Backflow into VENTRICLES when ventricles RELAX (fill) |
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What are the two AV valves? |
-Tricuspid valve: right atrium, right ventricle -Mitral (bicuspid) valve: left atrium, right ventricle |
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What is the function of Chordae Tendineae? |
Cord like tendons that anchor AV valves to papillary muscles. |
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What are the two SL valves? |
-Aortic semilunar valve -Pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Transverse (T) tubules function? |
Electrical impulse to mechanical contraction response |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function? |
Regulates contraction-Storage and release area for calcium ions. |
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How much mitochondria consumes the muscle cell? |
25 to 35% |
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What is the function of intercalated disc? |
Junctions that anchor cardiac cells |
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What prevents cells from separating during contraction? |
Desmosomes |
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What allows ions to pass and connects cytoplasm of two cells? |
Gap junctions |
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Heart muscles behave as? |
Functional synctium |
