Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the concept of biochemical individuality deal with? (principle 1)
|
Genotropic factors
Lifestyle factors Environmental factors Environmental Pollution Agricultural Techniques Health Status |
|
|
Principle 2
|
Disease and health are inseparable from the patient
|
|
|
July 17, 1998: Dr. Eva Baeclund discussing a study involving 12000 patients; what did this study indicate
|
"this study shows a strong association between disease activity in patients with RA and risk of developing lymphoma"
|
|
|
Principle 3
|
Hemeodynamics
-within the limits of homeostasis =everyone has unique: =Circadian rhythm =Body Temp =Onset and intensity of sweating and shivering =adaptation to stress |
|
|
Why fruits and vegetable?
|
fruits and vegetables contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, pigments and other natural antioxidants that have been associated with protection from and/or treatment of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension as well as other medical conditions
|
|
|
Highest % of vitamins per calorie is found in what items?
|
fruit
|
|
|
Highest % of minerals per calorie is found in what items?
|
vegetables
|
|
|
Men who ate ____ showed a 70% less chance of dying from cancer of the digestive tract than those that ate almost none.
|
Fruit
|
|
|
People that eat fresh fruit every day had a __% less chance of fatal stroke and __% less chance of a fatal heart attack
|
32% / 24%
|
|
|
Folic acid is know to have what effects?
|
Reduced risk of birth defects
anti-atherogenic Anti-carcinogenic Anti-depressant Low levels are associated with poor cognitive function, dementia, and alzheimer's type of neurodegeneration |
|
|
During the detox process if phase 1 (CP450) is inhibited _____results
|
Toxins will accumulate in the tissues
|
|
|
Once reactive intermediates are formed by phase 1 they move into phase 2 which is also known as
|
Conjugation
|
|
|
Calcium D-Glucarate is found
|
in citrus, cruciferous veg, and cherries
|
|
|
Calcium D-Glucarate inhibits
|
Beta-glucuronidase
|
|
|
Where do we find Ellagic acid
|
Strawberries, Raspberries, Pomegranates and walnuts
|
|
|
What are the properties of Ellagic Acid
|
-Decreases lipid peroxidation
-Anti-viral, anti-bacterial -Binds toxic metals promo excretion -Inhibits the activation of carcinogens -Protects the liver from toxins |
|
|
What are additional properties of Ellagic Acid?
|
-Induces expression of Phase 2 enzymes
-Inhibits mutagenesis and carcinogenes -Promotes apoptosis of prostate, cervix, lung, esophageal and skin cancer cells -Prevents destruction of the P53 gene(cellular brake) |
|
|
Indole 3-Carbinol if found where
|
Cabbage, broccoli, kale
|
|
|
What are the properties of Indole 3-Carbinol
|
Induces apoptosis
Inhibits angiogenesis |
|
|
Isolated vs. whole food form of Indole 3-Carbinol
|
Isolated; I3C increases phase 1 bio-transformation
Whole; I3C increases phase 1, sulforaphane increases phase 2 bio-transformation |
|
|
Polyphenyl Catechins
|
-modulates Phase 1 enzymes -induces phase 2 enzymes
-binds to toxic compounds -potent antioxidant -promotes healthy bowel flora -epidemiologic studies indicate -protection against many types of cancer |
|
|
Phenylethylisothiocyanates
|
-found in most green vegetables
-regulates both phase 1 and 2 bio-transformation |
|
|
Basic steps of nutritional management
|
-Assessment
-Planning -Implementation -Follow up |
|
|
Assessment consist of what
|
collection of information
-subjective: history, chief complaint, symptom survey -objective: exam, lab work, functional test |
|
|
Planning consist of
|
Protocols
Goals |
|
|
Implementation consist of
|
written instructions
thorough explanation ask and answer questions |
|
|
Follow-up consist of
|
phone calls
re-evaluation- symptom surveys,, lab work and reexam |
|
|
ABC's of nutritional assessment
|
A: Anthropometrics
B: Biochemical C: Clinical examination D: Dietary E: Environmental F: Functional |
|
|
A: Anthropometrics
|
-height/weight, BMI, measurements, hip:waist ratio, body composition, radiology findings
|
|
|
B: Biochemical
|
-Blood test, urinalysis, hair analysis, tissue assays, allergy tests, liver function tests. etc.
|
|
|
C: Clinical examination
|
-Physical exam findings that correlate with nutritionally related conditions, symptoms
|
|
|
D: Dietary
|
Food diary, supplements, medications, food sensitivities, knowledge of nutrition, cooking habits
|
|
|
E: Environmental
|
Economical factors, ethnic background, attitude toward food, eating conditions
|
|
|
F: Functional
|
Physical or medical impairment affecting diet
|
|
|
Vitamin A sources
|
Liver, chili pepper, carrots, collard greens, kale, sweet potato, spinach, mangoes
|
|
|
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms
|
Follicular hyperkeratosis, night blindness, decreased immunity, xerophthalmia
|
|
|
Vitamin A deficiency causes
|
Low enzymes, low zync, low intake
|
|
|
Vitamin A clinical uses
|
immune enhancement
skin disorders; acne, psoriasis dosage: women=2500 men=5000 iu acute: 50k for a day or two |
|
|
Vitamin A sources
|
Liver, chili pepper, carrots, collard greens, kale, sweet potato, spinach, mangoes
|
|
|
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms
|
Follicular hyperkeratosis, night blindness, decreased immunity, xerophthalmia
|
|
|
Vitamin A deficiency causes
|
Low enzymes, low zync, low intake
|
|
|
Vitamin A clinical uses
|
immune enhancement
skin disorders; acne, psoriasis dosage: women=2500 men=5000 iu acute: 50k for a day or two |
|
|
Vitamin A cautions
|
Do not supplement during pregnancy
for optimal function there must be adequate zinc, vit.E, C and T3/T4 |
|
|
Vitamin D sources
|
Cold water fish
Egg yolk Sunlight GLV |
|
|
Vitamin D deficiency symptoms include
|
Rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults
|
|
|
Vitamin D clinical uses
|
Increases ca absorption
preventing deficiency Boron is involved in converting cholecalciferol into more potent type Dosage; 200-400 ui. aged or far north; up to 800 iu |
|
|
Vitamin D cautions
|
excess causes ca depo in kidneys and other organs, may contribute to atherosclerosis, kidney stones and decreased mag absorption
note that Cholestyramine, dilantin, phenobarb, and mineral oil can interfere with D absorption and/or metabolism |
|
|
Vitamin E sources
(tocopherol- Tokos=offspring, pherol=to bear) |
seeds, nuts, whole grain
|
|
|
Vitamin E deficiency symptoms
|
weakness, nerve damage, hemolytic anemia, involuntary eye movement
|
|
|
Vitamin E deficiency causes or can cause
|
-fat malabsorption from celiac -disease, cystic fibrosis or gastrectomy
-hemodialysis -sickle cell disease and thalassemia -premature infants |
|
|
Vitamin E forms
|
-Natural=D-alpha-tocopherol (acetate of succinate) fat soluable
-Synthetic=Dl-alpha-tocopherol water soluable |
|
|
Vitamin E clinical uses
|
-lipid antioxidant
-decreases platelet agg. -increase HDL, decrease LDL -decrease blood glucose -fibrocystic disease, menopause and PMS |
|
|
Vitamin E Cautions
|
can be problematic is taken with blood thinners (coumadin, warfarin, aspirin)
|
|
|
Vitamin K sources
|
Kale, green tea, turnip greens, spinach, broccoli, lettuce, cabbage
|
|
|
Vitamin K deficiency symptoms
|
Rare: gut bacteria produces
Newborns injected to prevent hemorrhage (oral supplementation by mother during pregnancy is an alternative) |
|
|
Vitamin K clinical uses
|
-Osteoporosis - deficiency decreases mineralization by lowering osteocalcin
-Menorrhagla dosage-150-500mcg plus increase in GLV consumption |
|
|
Vitamin K cautions
|
Blood thinner, aspirin, dilantin and some antibiotics antagonize vit K
|
|
|
Vitamin C sources
|
Acerola cherries, red peppers, kale, greens, broccoli, red cabbage, citrus fruit
|
|
|
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
|
Bleeding gums, easy bruising, slow healing
|
|
|
Vitamin C forms
|
Ascorbic acid, Ester-C with bioflavonoids, sago palm
|
|
|
Vitamin C clinical uses
|
As an antioxidant, immune booster, or for tissue integrity
also to combat cancer, hypertension, low sperm count, DM, asthma, disc or joint degeneration, pain, cataract, skin condition, peripheral vascular disease, smoking, stress, infections |
|
|
Vitamin C dosage
|
Healthy; 500mg-1 g
unhealth or stressed; 2g or till bowel intolerance |
|
|
Vitamin C caution
|
-corn sensitivity (in most supplemental forms)
-Kidney stones i-ncreased iron absorption, -decreased copper -interferes with B12 testing |
|
|
Vitamin C complex according to Albert Szent-Gyorgyt
|
1. Flavonoids- many funtions providing tissue intergrety, anti-oxidant and anti-inflamitory properties
2. Rutin; a citrus flavonoid 3. K factor-involved in coagulation 4. J factor-carries oxygen 5. Ascorbogen- contains protein and tyrosinase |
|
|
Vitamin B1- thiamin sources
|
Brewers yeast, soybeans, brown rice, sunflower seeds, peanuts, whole grains
|
|
|
Vitamin B1- thiamin clinical uses
|
Mental function -
-potentates and mimics acetylcholine -counteracts side effects of dilantin in epileptics |
|
|
Vitamin B1- thiamin dosages
|
-to counter dilantin; 50-100mg
-age related mental function; 3-8g -mag is required to activate |
|
|
Vitamin B1- thiamin cautions
|
alcohol and other drugs inhibit thiamin
|
|
|
Vitamin B2- Riboflavin sources
|
Torula and brewers yeast, organ meats, almonds, mushrooms, whole grains, soy beans
|
|
|
Vitamin B2- Riboflavin deficiency
|
-cracked lips
-inflamed tongue -mucous membrane inflammation -cataracts |
|
|
Vitamin B2- Riboflavin function
|
-regenerates glutathione
-may protect against esophageal cancer |
|
|
Vitamin B2- Riboflavin clinical use
|
-migrane prevention
-cataract prevention -increases TIBC and serum ferritin in sickle cell |
|
|
Vitamin B2- Riboflavin dosage and cautions
|
--general health= 5-10mg
--Migrane=study used 400mg, although absorption capacity may only be 20mg/dose cautions= Antimalarials interfere with B2 |
|
|
Vitamin B3- Niacin sources
|
organ meats, eggs, fish, whole grain, peanuts, chili peppers, legumes
|
|
|
Vitamin B3- Niacin forms
|
-nicotinic acid
-Niacinamide (nicotinamide) -Inositol hexaniacinate (hexanicotinate, hexaniacin) |
|
|
Vitamin B3- Niacin clinical uses
|
-lowering blood lipids (nicotinic acid and hexanlacinate)
-intermittent claudication and raynaud's (inositolhex) -IDDM (niacinamide) -RA (niacinamide) |
|
|
Vitamin B3- Niacin cautions
|
-do not use time-release niacin
-diabetics, gout, ulcers -liver damage -Inositol hexaniacinate considered safest form |
|
|
Vitamin B6 -Pyridoxine sources
|
Torula, brewers yeast, whole grains, nuts, legumes, bananas, avocados, kale, spinach
|
|
|
Vitamin B6 -Pyridoxine functions
|
Involved in cell replication, neurotransmitter synthesis and many other reactions
|
|
|
Vitamin B6 -Pyridoxine clinical uses
|
-Asthma- decreases severity (tryptophan a seretonin)
-Cardiovascular disease -Oteoporosis -with B12 and folic acid reduces homocysteine i-nhibits platelet aggregation -lowers cholesterol and blood pressure -carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
|
Vitamin B6 -Pyridoxine additional clinical uses
|
-MSG sensitivity (for MSG meta)
-Depression -DM -neuropathy, glycosylation of protein -PMS |
|
|
Vitamin B6 -Pyridoxine cautions
|
-Nerve toxicity >2000mg/day of long term >500mg/day
-Magnesium and riboflavin need to convert to active form -Antagonist; food colorings, dopamine, oral contraceptives, alcohol, excess protein |
|
|
Biotin sources
|
-Brewers yeast, beef liver, soybeans, rice bran, peanuts, walnuts, barley, oats, legumes
-infants; Bifidobacterium bifidum with FOS |
|
|
Biotin clinical uses
|
-Promotion of strong hair and nails
-Cradle cap -Increases insulin sensitivity and enzymes |
|
|
Biotin cautions
|
-Alcohol inhibits biotin absorption and utilization
-Antibotics may reduce biotin levels (GI bacteria) -Synergistic with B vit and CoQ10 |
|
|
Vitamin B5 -pantothenic acid sources
|
-Brewers yeast, calf liver, whole grains, legumes, nuts, broccoli
|
|
|
Vitamin B5 -pantothenic acid deficiency
|
-rare
-fatique -burning foot syndrome |
|
|
Vitamin B5 -pantothenic acid clinical uses
|
-Adrenal support (anti-stress vit)
-RA -Hyperlipidemia - decreases trig, LDL, and total cholest. -Increases HDL +interaction- works with carnitine and CoQ10 |
|
|
Folic acid sources
|
Foliage, GLV, cruciferous veg, legumes, whole grain, nuts
|
|
|
Folic acid deficiency
|
-Most common vit deficiency in the world due to meat based diets.
-Alcohol, estrogen, barbit, and some NSAID inhibit folate metabolism -Rapidly developing cells most effected -Neuronal system, GI/GU, -increased homocysteine levels |
|
|
Folic acid forms
|
-Folic acid
-Folinic acid: most active and effective |
|
|
Folic acid clinical uses
|
-prevent neural tube defect, athroscleroses, osteoporosis, depression, cervical dysplasia, insomnia, irritability
|
|
|
Folic acid cautions
|
-never supplement w/o B12
-may increase seizure activity in epileptics -5-10mg may produce nausea and flatulence |
|
|
Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin sources
|
Organ meat, clams, oysters, Sardines, fish, meat, cheese
|
|
|
vitamin B12 - Cobalamin deficiency
|
-pins and needles, burning, numbness
-smooth beefy red tongue lab test- serum, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid (primary functional test) |
|
|
vitamin B12 - Cobalamin forms
|
-cyanocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin
-Oral vs injectable - JAMA --1.2% absorption rate with pernicious anemia --100mcg vs 1000mcg |
|
|
vitamin B12 - Cobalamin clinical uses
|
-Fatigue, depression, MS, diabetic neuropathy, AIDS, asthma, sulfite sensitivity, pernicious anemia
note; Sx may take 5-6 years to develop |
|
|
Choline sources
|
-Grains, legumes, egg yolk, liver
|
|
|
Choline deficiency
|
fatty liver
|
|
|
Choline forms
|
-Choline bitartrate, citrate, chloride
-Phosphatidylcholine *10-35% vs. 98% |
|
|
Choline clinical uses
|
-Liver disorders, elevated cholesterol, bipolar depression, alzheimer
|
|
|
Choline caution
|
-high doses may produce nausea, bloating, abdominal pain,, loss of appetite, fishy odor
-Do not use with unipolar depression |
|
|
Inositol sources
|
-citrus fruit, whole grain, nuts, seeds, legumes
|
|
|
Inositol forms
|
-Inositol monophosphate
|
|
|
Inositol clinical uses
|
-liver disorders, depression, panic attacks, diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
Calcium sources
|
-tofu, kale, turnip greens, GLV, spinach, milk
|
|
|
Calcium forms
|
-oyster shell, dolomite, bone meal
-carbonate citrate, gluconate; 4%-45% -Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate |
|
|
Calcium clinical uses
|
-Osteoporosis, hypertention, pregnancy, spasms
|
|
|
Calcium cautions
|
>2000mg/day may increase soft tissue depo and decrease mag. absorp.
-alcohol, caffeine, phosphates (like in soda), protein, sodium and sugar increase ca secretion -contraindicated in px with hyperpth and cancer |
|
|
Calcium from coral
|
-calcium carbonate-aragonate-implants
-coral concentrates sea minerals and toxins |
|
|
Magnesium source
|
-legumes, seeds, nuts, tofu, whole grain, GLV
|
|
|
Magnesium deficiency
|
-muscle cramps, arrhythmia, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, kidney stones, insomnia
|
|
|
Magnesium forms
|
-oxide, hydroxide, sulfate, chloride
-citrate, malate, succinite, fumarate |
|
|
Magnesium clinical uses
|
-Asthma, CV disease, acute MI, arrhythmia, hypertension, intermittent claudication, fibromyalgia, kidney stones, osteoporosis, migraine, mitral valve prolapse, glaucoma, prego, PMS, CHF, DM, angina,hearing loss, stroke, hypoglycemia, low HDL, cardiomyopathy, COPD
|
|
|
Magnesium caution
|
-Kidney disease and some severe cardiac conditions such as high-grade atrioventricular block
|
|
|
Potassium sources
|
-avocados, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, banana, cantaloupes, oranges
|
|
|
Facts about potassium
|
SAD=K:Na ratio is <1:2 where most research indicates a needed ratio of <5:1
fruit has 50:1 |
|
|
Potassium deficiency
|
-caused by poor diet and fluid loss
-Sx: weakness, confusion, irritability, heart disturbances, problems with nerve conduction and muscle contraction |
|
|
Potassium forms
|
-Potassium salts such as potassium chloride
-food and food based potassium |
|
|
Potassium clinical uses and cautions
|
-potassium depletion (lab-rbc), hypertension, kidney stones(citrate)
cautions; kidney disease do not use with ace inhibitors, digitalis, K-sparing diuretics |
|
|
Zinc sources
|
-oysters and other shelfish, red meat, whole grains, nuts, seeds
|
|
|
Zinc deficiency
|
-marginal; frequent infections, slow wound healing, loss of smell or taste, night blindness, sleep and behavioral disturbance, impaired glucose tolerance, dermatological disorders
|
|
|
Zinc clinical uses
|
-prego, immune function, male sexual function, acne, mac.degen, wilsons disease and alzheimers
|
|
|
Zinc cautions
|
-toxic w/ prolonged intake over 150mg/day
-competes w/ copper, ca, and iron -can cause nausea when taken on an empty stomach-esp zinc sulfate. |
|
|
Chromium sources
|
-brewers yeast, calf liver, whole grains
|
|
|
Chromium forms
|
-picolinate, polynicotinate, chloride
|
|
|
Chromium clinical uses
|
-impaired glucose tolerence
-weight loss -hyperlipidemia if Chromium is low |
|
|
Chromium cautions
|
-refined sugar, white flour, and sedentary life style deplete Chromium
-ca. carbonate and other antacids may reduce Chromium absorption -no known toxicity |
|
|
Copper sources
|
-oysters, other shelfish, legumes
|
|
|
Copper deficiency
|
-iron deficiency anemia
-elevated LDL and decreased HDL -related to low intake, how dosage of supplemental zinc and/or vit C, chronic antacid intake, mal-digestion |
|
|
Copper clinical uses and cautions
|
-atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm
-arthritis cautions: 3.5g may be lethal emetic: 10mg=nausea, 60mg=vomit |
|
|
Iron sources
|
Kelp, brewers yeast, blackstrap molasses, beef liver, nuts/seeds, prunes, raisins
-heme vs non-heme |
|
|
Iron deficiency
|
-Most common in the USA
-Highest risk: infants, teen girls, pregnant women and elderly -Anemia, excess menstration, impaired immune function, fatigue, learning problems ---serum ferritin to test |
|
|
Iron clinical uses
|
-anemia
-prego -RLS |
|
|
Iron cautions
|
-increased rish of heart disease, infections, and cancer
-can poison children -vit c/e protect against oxidation |
|
|
manganese sources
|
-beets, whole grain, dried fruit, GLV
|
|
|
manganese deficiency
|
-skeletal disorders, metabolic disorders
|
|
|
manganese clinical uses
|
-inflammation, strains, sprains
-epilepsy -Diabetes (1/2 normal levels) |
|
|
manganese cautions
|
-may inhibit absorption of other minerals
-Antacids may inhibit manganese absorption |
|
|
photosynthesis
|
carbon dioxide+water+sunlight=food and oxygen
|
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
-glucose, fructose, galactose
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
-Glucose+fructose=sucrose
-Glucose+Glucose=maltose -Glucose+galactose=lactose |
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Dextrins, starches, glycogen, cellulose
|
|
|
Carb functions
|
-energy
-fat metabolism -gastrointestinal function -supports beneficial flora -structural components -protein sparing |
|
|
Carb sources
|
-vegetables
-whole grains -fruit -milk -nuts -seeds |
|
|
Carb needs
|
-100g/day will prevent ketosis
-40% of calories max --per sears,atkins -70-80% --per Ornish, Anderson, julian whitaker |
|
|
Refined Carbs effects
|
-increases Trig
-promotes dysglysemia -suppresses immune function -promotes nutritional deficiency -feeds pathogenic organisms -promotes cavities (especially sucrose) |
|
|
Carbs:
refined vs complex |
-University study
--18 lbs lost in 3 months by replacing sugar and white flour with whole grain products -Average US consumption --150lbs of sugar per yr --many kids eat >their weight in sugar per year |
|
|
Carb:
Fructose |
-lower insulin requirements
-increases glycogen in muscle better than glucose |
|
|
Carb:
Fiber |
-only in plants
-soluble or insoluble -gums- very soluble fibers -we need 20-30g (1tbs. bran=7g fiber) |
|
|
Carb.
Functions |
-absorbs toxins
-decreases bowel transit time -decreases risk of digestive disorders --(hiatus hernia, hemorrhoids, appendicitis, IBS, colon cancer and more) -promotes + gut flora -normalizes blood sugar curves |
|
|
Carb.
DM |
-Type 1 DM requiring 30units or less insulin per day can almost always be removed from insulin entirely if they are put on a rigorous high complex carb, low fat, low sugar, high fiber and gum diet
|
|
|
Carb.
A diet rich in complex carb. can. |
-improves dysglycomia
-improves digestive function -decreases blood lipids -decreases behavioral disturbances -decreases dental problems -decreases obesity -provides more nutrients |
|
|
Protein
function |
-tissue maintenance and growth
-regulating compounds -antibodies -enzymes -fluid balance -ph -energy |
|
|
Protein
Nitrogen balance |
-Positive=consuming more than is lost
---infancy, prego, illness recovery -Negative=losing more than is consumed ---low intake, bed rest, severe injury or burns |
|
|
Protein
Needs |
-WHO: 4.5% of total calories
-human breast milk: 5-8% of calories -New England journal of medicine --Infants: 1.6g/kg/day --Children: .8g/kg/day --Adults: .5g/kg/day |
|
|
Protein supplementation
|
-Annals of internal medicine 1998
--Protein supplementation increases serum insulin like growth factor-1 levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in px with recent hip fracture |
|
|
The study details (protein and hip fracture)
|
Supplement contained 20g of protein, 3.1g of fat, 35.7g of carbs., 550 mg of calcium along with other vit and mineral. The subjects also received 1 dose of 200k iu of vit D to correct any possible deficiency
|
|
|
Problems with excess protein
|
-kidney damage
-negative calcium balance -calories |
|
|
Protein in vegetarian sources
|
potatoes 11%, lentils 29%, wheat 17%, brown rice 8%, onions 16%
|
|
|
Laboratory indications of excess protein
|
-Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio
-Elevated uric acid -Elevated total protein (esp. with elevated A/G ratio and elevated cholesterol |
|
|
Rule of 88
|
-BUN decreasing towards 8
-total protein increasing towards 8 |
|
|
Amino Acid Therapy
|
-Glutamine; GI repair, prevents loss of lean body mass
-Glycine; Detox, glucose tolerance -Lysine; Herpes, tissue repair -Tryptophan; energy production, pain, sleep disorders -branched cain AA: burns, muscle coordination, tissue repair |
