Parasitology Quiz 1

Front 1

Phoresis

Back 1

traveling together

Front 2

Mutualism

Back 2

two organisms benefit

Front 3

Commensalism

Back 3

one organism benefits, 2nd organism is not harmed

Front 4

Parasitism

Back 4

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

Front 5

Forms of expense (injury)

Back 5

Physical/mechanical; Inflammation/immune response; robbed of nutrition

Front 6

Ways to classify a parasite

Back 6

1) Where it lives, and 2) Dependence on the partner

Front 7

Classifications based on where a parasite lives

Back 7

1) endoparasite; 2) ectoparasite

Front 8

Endoparasite

Back 8

parasite is internal (in an organ); inside the digestive tract to the EXCLUSION o the oral/nasal cavity

Front 9

Ectoparasite

Back 9

parasite that is external

Front 10

Classifications based on dependence

Back 10

1) Obligate; 2) Facultative

Front 11

Obligate parasite

Back 11

must spend part of its lifecycle with its partner (host)

Front 12

Facultative parasite

Back 12

not normally parasitic but can become so accidentally

Front 13

E. coli is a ______________ parasite because ______________.

Back 13

facultative; it normally lives in the gut as a mutualist but can move into other parts and become parasitic

Front 14

Categories of hosts

Back 14

1) Definitive
2) Intermediate
3) Paratenic

Front 15

Definitive hosts

Back 15

a) where the parasite reaches sexual maturity; b) often humans and other vertebrates; c) it's a mosquito for malaria

Front 16

Intermediate hosts

Back 16

a) organism required for the development of the parasite, but b) parasite CANNOT reach sexual maturity; c) ASEXUAL reproduction may occur

Front 17

Paratenic hosts

Back 17

a) organism harbors a parasite but parasite does NOT undergo development; b) e.g. maritremia arenaria (Nucella eats infected snail)

Front 18

What is the function of a paratenic host?

Back 18

To bridge an ecological gap between the intermediate and definitive hosts

Front 19

Epidemiology is ...

Back 19

... the ecology of parasitic infection

Front 20

What makes up epidemiology?

Back 20

1) KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSMISSION; 2) DISTRIBUTION (spatial, time); 3) Prevalence; 4) Incidence

Front 21

Zoonosis is...

Back 21

...a disease that results from transmission of a parasite from a wild or domestic animal to a human (e.g. Lyme disease)

Front 22

A vector is...

Back 22

...an organism that transmits an infection from one host to another

Front 23

What are some examples of vectors?

Back 23

1) mosquito - malaria
2) flea - bubonic plague; tapeworm
3) tick - Lyme disease
4) snails - schistosomiasis

Front 24

Types of host defense:

Back 24

1) Integumentary - physical barriers
2) Alimentary - physical and chemical defense
3) Immune - chemical and cellular defense

Front 25

Components of alimentary defense:

Back 25

mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine

Front 26

What stomach cells contribute to host defense?

Back 26

chief cells (secrease pepsin); parietal cells (secrete HCl)

Front 27

What does the liver secrete that contributes to host defense?

Back 27

bile acids into the duodenum

Front 28

What enzymes does the pancreas secrete that contribute to host defense?

Back 28

NaHCO3, trypsin, elastase, amylase, lipase, nuclease, caboxypeptidase

Front 29

What do columnar cells in the small intestine's villi secrete?

Back 29

aminopeptidases, disaccharidases

Front 30

What do paneth cells secrete?

Back 30

alpha defensins (disrupt membranes); lysozymes and phospholipases 2 (antimicrobials)

Front 31

Immune system defense

Back 31

1) Nitric oxide (NO)
2) Innate immunity
3) Aquired immunity

Front 32

Characteristics of nitric oxide

Back 32

a) NO comes from macrophages and hemocytes; is a b) vasodilator, c) neurotransmitter, and d) gas

NO reacts with oxygen species to produce PEROXYNITRATE which leads to DNA damage

Front 33

Innate immunity comes from phagocytes. In inverts, this includes ..... In vertebrates, this includes...

Back 33

amebocytes, hemocytes and coelomocytes; monocytes and circulating phagocytes

Front 34

Aquired immunity includes:

Back 34

1) Humoral immunity
2) Cell-mediated immunity

Front 35

Platyhelminthes characteristics

Back 35

(TAMBLENDCP)
Triploblastic
Aceolomate
Multiciliated epidermis
Bilaterally symmetrical
Locomotion via cilia and muscles
Eversible pharynx
Neoblasts
Direct development
Complex hermaphro. system
Protonephridia

Front 36

What is the paraphyletic classification of flatworms?

Back 36

Turbellaria - free-living

Front 37

What is the monphyletic classification of flatworms?

Back 37

Neodermata

Front 38

What are the challenges to becoming parasitic?

Back 38

DOLICH
1) Digestive environment
2) Osmotic variation
3) Low O2 tension (oxygen the final electron acceptor)
4) Immune system
5) Complex lifecycles
6) Host finding

Front 39

Are the answers to the challenge of parasitism plesiomorphic or synapomorphic characteristics of flatworm ancestry?

Back 39

Plesiomorphic

Front 40

What are the answers to the challenges of parasitism?

Back 40

(New, Flexible PEAC)
1) Neoblasts
2) Flexible metabolism
3) Protonephridia
4) Encapsulated embryos
5) Asexual reproduction
6) Complex sensory systems

Front 41

What are the pathways to parasitism?

Back 41

1) Lived in close assoc. with host
2) Some nutritional dependence
3) Become internalized & gain some nutritional dependence
4) Total nutritional dependence (simultaneous biochemical changes)
5) Total nutritional dependence (total morphological dependence; nat. sel. has favored the loss of these structures)

Front 42

What is a neodermis?

Back 42

nonciliated, syncytial epidermis derived from neoblasts that replace the old epidermis

Front 43

Neoblasts are __________, fucntioning to ______________.

Back 43

stem cells; replace epidermal cells

Front 44

What are the functions of a syncytium?

Back 44

1) No individual cells = host can't key in on indiv. cell identities
2) No paracellular invation pathways, leakiness
3) No accidental sloughing of epidermis
4) Insunk cell bodies (cytons) remove nucleus from harm