Parasitology Post-Quiz 1 To Midterm 1

Front 1

Egg hatching is dependent on what factors?

Back 1

1. pH
2. chemistry of the water (proteins)
3. Lighting regime
4. Temperature

Front 2

Digenean miracidium sense organs include:

Back 2

1. Chemoreceptors
2. Photoreceptors
3. Georeceptors
4. Tactile receptors

Front 3

Digenean miracidia recognize their host, then do what?

Back 3

1. Attach to host with apical papilla
2. Secrete histolytic enzymes
3. Enter the host and within 30 minutes
a. shed epidermis
b. produce a neodermis
c. produce muscles

Front 4

Digenean sporocyst has:

Back 4

1. No mouth
2. No gut
3. Lots of microvilli
4. Well-developed CMs FOR PUSHING BABIES OUT (and movement in some spp)

Front 5

What are some unusual aspects of Leucochloridium paradoxum?

Back 5

1. Cercaria and metacercaria are IN the sporocyst
2. No redia generation
3. Morphological differentiation (brood sac, neck, body)
4. Sporocyst is also pigmented
5. Brood sac pulses to attract bird

Front 6

The larva characteristic of trematodes is ___________.

Back 6

Miracidium

Front 7

What's the implication of Temnocephalidae as the sister taxa to the Neodermata?

Back 7

endoparasitism a synapomorphy of (and evolved independently in) Neodermata

Front 8

What's the implication of Bdellouridae as the sister taxa to the Neodermata?

Back 8

endoparasitism a synapomorphy of Neodermata

Front 9

What's the implication of Umagillidae as the sister taxa to the Neodermata?

Back 9

endoparasitism a symplesiomorphy in Neodermata

Front 10

What's the implication of Grafillidae as the sister taxa to the Neodermata?

Back 10

endoparasitism a syplesiomorphy of Neodermata; neodermatans "pre-adapted" for endoparasitic lifestyle

Front 11

What's the implication of Acoladidae as the sister taxa to the Neodermata?

Back 11

endoparasitism a symplesiomorphy of Neodermata; neodermatans were totally dependent on their host for food and home.

Front 12

What are the other flatworm phyla?

Back 12

Acoelomorpha
Macrostomorpha
Polycladia
Seriata
Neodermata

Front 13

What are some important symplesiomorphies of Neodermata?

Back 13

*Neoblasts
Frontal glands
Rhabdites
*Ectolecithal eggs

Front 14

What are the life cycle stages of Trematodes?

Back 14

1. Embryo
2. Miracidium - 1st free-living stage
3. Sporocyst
4. Redia
5. Cercaria - 2nd free-living stage
6. Metacercaria

All are infective stages

Front 15

How does miracidium shed old/form neodermis?

Back 15

1. Shed cellular larval skin
2. Develop neodermis from neoblasts up through internuncial processes
3. and forming metabolically active syncytium

Front 16

All flatworms develop _________, but neodermatans delay its development until _________ stage when it invades host and forms ____________. Why this delay?

Back 16

secondary epidermis; larval; syncytium. Need for ciliary locomotion (cellular)

Front 17

Epiboly is...

Back 17

overgrowth of 1 cell layer over another

Front 18

Trematodes (class) include subclasses...

Back 18

Aspidobothrea and Digenea

Front 19

Subclass Aspidobothrea synapomorphies* and interesting characterisitics

Back 19

*Large ventral sucker
*Larval cilia are scattered or grouped
-simple life cycle
-low host specificity
-no chemical/physical breakdown of host for infection/transmission

Front 20

The ___________ larva in Aspidobothreans is homologous to a ___________ in other Trematodes

Back 20

cotylocidium; miracidium

Front 21

Cotylocidium of aspidobothreans enters mollusc's ______________ via _____________.

Back 21

pericardial cavity; nephridiopore

Front 22

Subclass Digenea synapomorphies* and transmission types

Back 22

*Multiple asexual generations (larvae)
*Larva (miracidium) has transverse ciliary bands
-water, soil and food borne transmission

Front 23

Synapomorphies of class Trematoda

Back 23

1. Mollusc somewhere in lifecycle
2. larval syncytium has some ciliated cells with borders

Front 24

Morphological conditions of Digenea (think leeches)

Back 24

monostome, amphistome, distome

Front 25

Digenean amphistome

Back 25

both oral and ventral sucker if ventral sucker is posterior

Front 26

Digenean distome

Back 26

both suckers present and ventral sucker is mid-body

Front 27

Digenean body wall moved monosaccharides in via ____________________.

Back 27

carrier-mediated transport

Front 28

Schistosomes, although digeneans, are ____________ and exhibit _____________.

Back 28

dioecious; sexual dimorphism

Front 29

The ___________ is a point of interest for fighting digenean parasites.

Back 29

ootype (fertilized eggs)

Front 30

In mutual cross fertilization in digeneans, the ootype is where ...

Back 30

-fertilization occurs
-yolk feeds embryo
-gland cells create protective embryonic shell

Front 31

ventral sucker aka _________

Back 31

acetabulum

Front 32

Digenean cercaria have glands. Pre-acetabular glands are for ____________. Post-acetabular glands are for ______________. Anterior glands are for ____________.

Back 32

penetration; adherence/sticking; leaving the int. host

Front 33

Digenean metacercaria have no ____________ and ___________

Back 33

tail; a cyst around the body for up to 7 years

Front 34

_________________ reside in portal veins that drain the large intestine/spleen

Back 34

Schistosoma mansoni

Front 35

______________ reside in veins of the urinary plexus

Back 35

Schistosoma hematobium

Front 36

___________________ reside in the veins of the small intestine

Back 36

Schistosoma japonicum

Front 37

Characteristics of schistosomes:
(DEN FM)

Back 37

1. Dioecious, strong sexual dimorphism
2. eggs cause greatest harm
3. NO 2nd intermediate host
4. Furcocercous cercaria [forked tail]
5. Mature in the venous system

Front 38

Schistosomiasis is also known as _____________

Back 38

Bilharzia

Front 39

How do you acquire:
1. schistosomiasis?
2. fascioliasis?

Back 39

1. contaminated fresh water; larvae penetrate skin
2. ingested thru water; from encysts on eaten plants

Front 40

How does transition from cercaria to schistosomule occur?

Back 40

1. shed tail
2. evacuate pre-acetabulum glands (proteases)
3. Cercaria are aerobic organisms; schistosomule to anaerobic metabolism
4. Production of neodermis

Front 41

Schistosomule's neodermis produces what surgace proteins?

Back 41

1. nutrient transporters
2. enzymes
3. receptor proteins

Front 42

Nutrient transporters on the schistosomule include...

Back 42

SGTP1 and SGTP4 (schistosome glucose transport protein)

Front 43

Receptor proteins on the schistosomule include...

Back 43

1. complement receptor - binds complement proteins coming from innate immune system
2. Fc receptor - binds Fc region of antibodies and makes "antibody cloak"

Front 44

Explain schistosome gynecophoral canal.

Back 44

1. Holds female during copulation
2. helps female feed
3. stimulates reproduction
4. stimulates gene expression
5. helps transport female from portal veins (s. mansoni) to smaller venules to deposit eggs thru organ wall.

Front 45

In the 2-layer model of the schistosome plasma membrane, what is the role of SGTP4 and SGTP1?

Back 45

SGTP4 moves glucose into the cytoplasm (syncytial epidermis) and SGTP1 moved it into the body.

Front 46

Why do schistosomes store glycogen in their cytoplasm if they live in a glucose-rich environment?

Back 46

SGTPs don't use ATP to move glucose. Converting to glycogen is necessary to maintain the glucose concentration gradient needed to keep SGTP4 bringing glucose in while SGTP1 is more slow at moving it thru to body.

Front 47

What's the pathology of schistosomiasis in
1. the migratory phase?
2. the acute phase?
3. the chronic phase?

Back 47

1. usu. asymptomatic, but sometimes cercarial dermatitis
2. fever, fatigue, lymphoadenopathy, formation of granuloma around egg
3. first that's species specific:
S. hematobia: hematuria, bladder calcification, cancer
S. mansoni, S. japonicum: intestinal lesions, cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites

Front 48

What is ascites?

Back 48

leakage of fluids from circulation (e.g. children w. big bellies)

Front 49

Why do schistosomes store glycogen in their cytoplasm if they live in a glucose-rich environment?

Back 49

SGTPs don't use ATP to move glucose. Converting to glycogen is necessary to maintain the glucose concentration gradient needed to keep SGTP4 bringing glucose in while SGTP1 is more slow at moving it thru to body.

Front 50

What's the pathology of schistosomiasis in
1. the migratory phase?
2. the acute phase?
3. the chronic phase?

Back 50

1. usu. asymptomatic, but sometimes cercarial dermatitis
2. fever, fatigue, lymphoadenopathy, formation of granuloma around egg
3. first that's species specific:
S. hematobia: hematuria, bladder calcification, cancer
S. mansoni, S. japonicum: intestinal lesions, cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites

Front 51

What is ascites?

Back 51

leakage of fluids from circulation (e.g. children w. big bellies)

Front 52

Schistosomule's neodermis produces what surgace proteins?

Back 52

1. nutrient transporters
2. enzymes
3. receptor proteins

Front 53

Nutrient transporters on the schistosomule include...

Back 53

SGTP1 and SGTP4 (schistosome glucose transport protein)

Front 54

Receptor proteins on the schistosomule include...

Back 54

1. complement receptor - binds complement proteins coming from innate immune system
2. Fc receptor - binds Fc region of antibodies and makes "antibody cloak"

Front 55

Explain schistosome gynecophoral canal.

Back 55

1. Holds female during copulation
2. helps female feed
3. stimulates reproduction
4. stimulates gene expression
5. helps transport female from portal veins (s. mansoni) to smaller venules to deposit eggs thru organ wall.

Front 56

In the 2-layer model of the schistosome plasma membrane, what is the role of SGTP4 and SGTP1?

Back 56

SGTP4 moves glucose into the cytoplasm (syncytial epidermis) and SGTP1 moved it into the body.

Front 57

Why do schistosomes store glycogen in their cytoplasm if they live in a glucose-rich environment?

Back 57

SGTPs don't use ATP to move glucose. Converting to glycogen is necessary to maintain the glucose concentration gradient needed to keep SGTP4 bringing glucose in while SGTP1 is more slow at moving it thru to body.

Front 58

What's the pathology of schistosomiasis in
1. the migratory phase?
2. the acute phase?
3. the chronic phase?

Back 58

1. usu. asymptomatic, but sometimes cercarial dermatitis
2. fever, fatigue, lymphoadenopathy, formation of granuloma around egg
3. first that's species specific:
S. hematobia: hematuria, bladder calcification, cancer
S. mansoni, S. japonicum: intestinal lesions, cirrhosis, hepatosplenomegaly and ascites

Front 59

What is ascites?

Back 59

leakage of fluids from circulation (e.g. children w. big bellies)

Front 60

What's the pathology of fascioliasis in
1. the migratory phase?
2. the acute phase?
3. the chronic phase?

Back 60

1. stabbing pain when penetrating duodenum
2. abdominal pain, nausea, mild hepatomegaly, anemia, eosinophilia
3. mechanical obstruction leading to jaundice, major hepatomegaly, inflammation

Front 61

In Iran, a disease that arises from eating infected livers, causing irritation of the pharynx and suffocation, is known as _____________.

Back 61

pharyngeal Fascioliasis

Front 62

What does ELISA stand for? What does it test for?

Back 62

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; parasite antigens

Front 63

What medication(s) are used to treat fascioliasis?

Back 63

Triclabendazole (Praziquantel is ineffective)

Front 64

What is a reservoir host?

Back 64

a means of maintaining an infectious agent that can serve as a reservoir for later infection

Front 65

Why is Dicrocoelium dendriticum a unique parasite for a standard trematode?

Back 65

1. NO aquatic stages
2. NO redia
3. 2nd intermediate host
4. apparent host manipulation (ant)

Front 66

What might Dicrocoelium dendriticum control in the ant to make its mandibles lock on grass?

Back 66

cerebral ganglion; subesophageal ganglion

Front 67

The brain worms of Dicrocoelium dendriticum express _____________.

Back 67

Altruistic alleles; they do this because of kin selection

Front 68

Explain kin selection

Back 68

the evolution of traits because they are passed on by the kin of individuals who express the traits

Front 69

What is spontaneous generation? How does it apply to parasitology?

Back 69

SG is the idea that organisms suddenly appear in bodies and are produced by bodies, because they had never been observed entering the body. SG was the best explanation for parasties, which "had no way" of getting into the bodies or organs where they were found.

Front 70

Johann Steenstrup

Back 70

JS was a Danish zoologist who proposed different stages and generations of a single animal. This explanation helped to disprove sponateous generation, as a different-looking organism could enter a body and come out looking like the more familiar adult.

Front 71

what is teleology?

Back 71

the belief that God had a purpose for all living things

Front 72

Despite his teleological thinking, Friedrich Kukenmesiter went on to make two important findings. What were they? How did they change our thinking about parasitology? What unethical forms of conduct did he engage in to validate his ideas?

Back 72

Friedrich Kuchenmeister found host specificity and that parasites did need to wander outside but could grow in an animal and wait to be eaten by another. He fed bladder worms to prisoners set to be executed to prove his ideas.

Front 73

How did Ray Lankester explain the evolution of parasites

Back 73

RL believed that parasites degenerated, from free living to lazy, degenerate saps.

Front 74

What is retrograde evolution? What is sacculinisation?

Back 74

Judging the adaptive forms of parasites negatively, as retrogressed genetics

Front 75

How did Henry Drummond's Natural Law in the Spiritual World explain parasitism? More specifically, what did he mean by parasitism being a "breach of the law of Evolution?" More importantly, how is he wrong?

Back 75

It explained parasitism as "one of the gravest crimes in nature. It is a breach of the law of Evolution." He meant that a parasite only wants food and shelter and has no care for the "perfection" of its race. Parasites infest every free-living species, so how is that lazy or unevolved?

Front 76

Parasitism or the term "parasite" is often used as a metaphor by social scientists, philosophers, and politicians. What do they mean when they use these terms? What individuals used these terms and concepts to advance their social policies and political agendas?

Back 76

Hitler (jews), Marx and Lenin (the bourgeoisie and bureaucrats), John Brown

Front 77

What were Dr. Michael Sukhdeo's initial assumptions about parasite ecology and the role of chemical gradients? How were his assumptions incorrect, and what were his final conclusions about how some parasites find their internal homes?

Back 77

He assumed that like animals, parasites must follow a gradient; a chemical trail that keeps them on course to their destination. He assumed the body as an open-ended system, but it's not; it's closed and turbulent. So he was able to conclude that parasited acted on programmed behavior responses to certain landmarks on their journey, without thought. Rules instead of gradients.