Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name some general information facts about Platyhelminthes.
|
1. All are soft-bodied
2. Most are flat dorso-ventrally 3. Have no body cavity (organs are basically embedded in the connective tissue) 4. Flame Cell - make up the excretory organ 5. Are oviparous |
|
|
What are some general comments on Class Trematoda, Order Digenea?
(Host, Habitat, IH, Morphology) |
1. Host - Domestic animals and man
2. Habitat - inside animal host 3. IH - usually 2 snails, invertebrates 4. Morphology - Most are dorso-ventrally flat |
|
|
Describe the eggs for Class Trematoda, Order Digenea.
|
Generally yellow or brown, thin shelled w/an operculum, ready to hatch when released.
|
|
|
General Morphology for Class Trematoda, Order Digenea
|
Have a tegument - external covering is responsible for the transport of nutrients (absorb throughout the body).
|
|
|
Life Cycle for Class Trematoda, Order Digenea
|
1. Eggs
2. Miracidium - similar to L1, ciliated, triangular, penetrate the IH. 3. Sporocyst - germinal sac with germinal centers 4. Redia - come from germinal centers, produce many from one sporocyst elongated body. 5 .Cercaria - immature flukes, many arise from one redia, have oral and ventral suckers. This is the final stage of asexual reproduction. Enter the DH. Usually have tails. 6. Metacercaria - the encysted stage, infective stage for the DH |
|
|
Passive transmission
|
No energy requested by the parasite to enter the host (definitive
Ex: parasite on vegetation |
|
|
Active transmission
|
Parasite needs energy to enter DH
Ex: Forked tail in shistosomes |
|
|
Schistosoma
|
Infective stage
|
|
|
Schistosomes
|
the cercaria stage has forked tail that penetrates the DH's skin
|
|
|
What are the differences between Nematodes and Trematodes?
Nematodes |
1 egg -> 1 adult
Keep large population of adults |
|
|
What are the differences between Nematodes and Trematodes?
Trematodes |
1 egg -> many adults
Have small population of adults in DH |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica
(Common name, IH, Host, habitat, general morphology, pathology, CS) |
1. Common name - the common liver fluke
2. Host - Sheep, goats, cattle, other mammals including humans. Can occur in lungs and skin. 3. IH - Lymnaea (species of snail) 4. Habitat - Liver 5. Morphology - flat leaf-shaped fluke. Broader anteriorally than posteriorally with a cone at the anterior end 6. Life Cycle - indirect (has IM host) 7. PPP - 2-3 months 8. Pathology - fascioliasis "liver rot" (post mortem) |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica - Acute CS
|
Hemorrhagic tracts
Anaerobic conditions caused by the migration thru the liver causes a proliferation of Clostridium novyi Clostridium novyi causes "Black's Disease" |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica - Chronic CS
|
Cirrhosis (scarring of liver)
"Pipestem Liver" (Looks like pipe cleaners under) |
|
|
Fasciola hepatica - Treatment & Control
|
No real treatment other than to keep animal away from snails (how to control also).
|
|
|
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
(Host, IH, Habitat, Pathology, Treatment) |
1. Host - Sheep and Cattle
2. IH - 1st dry land snail, 2nd ant (Formica) 3. Habitat - Bile duct 4. Pathology - Anemia, emaciation, condition similar to cirrhosis of the liver. Less of a problem than Fasciola hepatica. 5. Treatment - Eggs are very resistant to the cold. Woodchucks can be a reservoir host. **Drug: Thiabendazole |
|
|
Fascioloides magna
(Common name, Host - Natural & Abnormal, IH, Habitat, Pathology) |
1. Common name - Large American Fluki
2. Host - Natural - deer, moose and elk; Abnormal - Cattle and sheep 3. IH - Snail 4. Habitat - Liver 5. Pathology - Natural host - very little pathology |
|
|
Paramphistomum and Cotylophoron
(Nickname, Pathology/CS) |
1. Nickname - Rumen Flukes
2. Pathology - Not pathogenic as adults. Pathogenesis - immature flukes - as they are developing in the duodenum (before the PPP) 3. CS - Based on enteritis. |
|
|
Paragonimus
(Common name, host, IH, habitat, pathology, CS, Tx) |
1. Common name - P. kellicotti - Lung Fluke; P. westermanii - Human Lung Fluke
2. Host - Carnivores, pigs, ruminants and man (Zoonotic potential). 3. IH - 1st snail, 2nd crustacean (crab, crayfish) 4. Habitat - Lung 5. Pathology/CS - Mild pneumonia 6. Tx - Drontzen |
|
|
What do the eggs of Paragonimus look like?
|
Yellowish-brown, vase shaped, shoulder-like ridge around the operculum (a lot more elongated)
|
|
|
What is the diagnosis for Paragonimus?
|
1. Eggs in the sputum (more common in the human variety)
2. Eggs in feces (more common in the K9 variety) 3. Radiograph the lungs and check for cysts. 4. Two tests in humans - Complement Fixation Test & Skin Sensitization Antibodies (come from undercooked food) |
|
|
What are the two tests for humans in Paragonimus?
|
Complement Fixation Test
Skin Sensitization Antibodies (Come from undercooked food). |
|
|
T/F
Alaria is the most common fluke in the dog. |
True.
|
|
|
Alaria
(Host, IH, habitat, Dx, Zoonotic, Transmission, Pathology/CS, Tx) |
1. Host - Dog & Cat
2. IH - 1st snail, 2nd frog 3. Habitat - Small intestine 4. Dx - In the dog, the entire adult trematode (fluke) may be passed in the feces. 5. Zoonotic - yes 6. Transmission - Found in water - they penetrate the host's skin w/active transmission (requires energy) 7. Pathology/CS - Swimmer's Itch (sensitized) 8. Treatment - Sanitation and Snail control |
|
|
Schistosoma
|
Blood Fluke
The exception for Trematodes b/c they are not hermaphroditic, they are heterosexual and the eggs are not operculated. |
|
|
T/F
Adult Trematodes are not particularly careful about who they select as a DH |
True
|
|
|
T/F
Miracidium are very picky about the IH. Check snails in the area. |
True
|
|
|
T/F
Most Trematode eggs are similar. |
True
|
|
|
T/F
If you use a floatation, use sedimentation (zinc sulfate), ZnSO4. Most eggs have an operculum except Schistosomes |
True
|
|
|
T/F
Remember - Schistosomes contain a fully developed miracidium in the egg if they have been in contact w/the water (Other eggs contain an embryo) |
True
|
|
|
Define proglottid
|
segments in a long, no body cavity in a Cestoda (tapeworm)
|
|
|
Define Strobila
|
proglottids (segments) are hooked in a chain
|
|
|
Define scolex
|
The main organ of attachment
First made/youngest |
|
|
Define microtriches
|
Minute projections that cover the tegument
Job is to do a better job absorbing |
|
|
Hermaphroditic
|
Each proglottid contains 1-2 sets of male and female reproductive organs. Just behind the scolex there is a germinative zone where the new proglottids are formed.
-As the segments move further away from the scolex, the gonads mature. -The proglottids can be fertilized by another proglottid called a mature proglottid. |
|
|
Senile proglottid
|
Empty segment
|
|
|
Gravid proglottid
|
when have eggs
|
|
|
Cestoda
(common name, host, habitat, egg description) |
1. Common name - Tapeworms
2. DH - Vertebrates, IH - Invertebrates 3. Habitat - Small intestines 4. Egg description - Generally flat, look like rice, compete w/animal for nutrients |
|
|
What is another name for Pseudophillidea?
|
pseudotapes or false tapeworms
|
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
(Common name, host, IH, habitat) |
1. Common name - Broadfish tape
2. Host - anything that will eat fish - man, dog, fox, bear 3. IH - 1st - cyclops is a copepod - crustacean (microscopic);' 2nd - fish - pike, trout, salmon 4. Habitat - Small intestine |
|
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
(Morphology, Dx features, Pathology/CS, Tx) |
1. Morphology - Can be 10 meters long and Live for 35 years (3 ft/meter)
2. Dx Features - Segment is more broad then long; Metacestode (all cestode stages that parasitize the IH) 3. Pathology/CS - In man, competes for Vitamin B12 (deficiency is pernicious anemia) 4. Tx - Yomesan |
|
|
Metacestode
|
all cestode stages that parasitize the IH
|
|
|
What is the cause of sparganosis?
|
Spirometra
|
|
|
Cyclophillidea
|
True Tapeworm
Not tied to an aquatic environment Not needing a second IH More important in Veterinary6 Medicine than Pseudophillidea |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum
(common name, host, IH, Habitat) |
1. Common name - double pored tapeworm
2. Host - cat, dog, fox and occasionally child - commonly seen in cats 3. IH - flea, larvae or adult louse (lice) 4. Habitat - Small intestines |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum
(Morphology, Life Cycle, PPP, Pathology/CS) |
1. Morphology - 50 cm long (not very long b/c dropping segments off)
2. Life Cycle - Gravid (contains eggs) tapeworm segment is passed in the feces or crawls out of the anus. When segment dries it extrudes the eggs which are ingested by the IH 3. PPP - 2-3 weeks; seen back in animal in 4 weeks 4. Pathology/CS - Anal irritation and scooting; no pathology except in heavy infection; Zoonotic implication, very filthy areas fecal/oral transmission |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum
(Tx) |
Droncit
Must control fleas and use an anthelmintic. Need to tx house, animal(s), car, etc. If you don't get rid of fleas, won't get rid of tapeworm |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum (Egg description)
|
Spherical w/unstriated embryophore containing hexacanth embryo
|
|
|
Which large animal tapeworm is most pathogenic?
|
Anoplocephala perfoliata
|
|
|
What are the three names for large animal tapeworm?
What do all three cause? |
Anoplocephala magna
Anoplocephala perfoliata Paranoplocephala mamillana All 3 will cause colic and enteritis |
|
|
Monieza
(host, egg, CS) |
1. Host - Ruminants
2. Eggs - pear or tiangular shaped 3. CS - CS are vague |
|
|
What are the IH & DH for Taenia taeniaeformis?
|
IH - Rodent
DH - Cat (SI) |
|
|
What are the IH & DH for Taenia pisiformis?
|
IH - Rabbit
DH - Dog |
|
|
What are the IH & DH for Taenia multiceps?
|
IH - Sheep, Cattle
DH - Dog |
|
|
What are the IH & DH for Taenia saginata?
|
IH - Cattle
DH - Man |
|
|
What are the IH & DH for Echinococcus?
|
IH - Rodent
DH - Dog |
|
|
Taeniida
(Host, IH, PPP, Zoonotic) |
Generally includes Taenia and Echinoccus
1. Host - any type of dog or cat, man is species dependent 2. IH - many mammals, species dependent 3. PPP - 2 months 4. Zoonotic - yes |
|
|
Taeniida (morphology)
|
Morphology - Taenia saginata has no hooks, it has suckers
Can release gravid proglottids Can see eggs in feces Embryophore has a radial striated appearance |
|
|
Taeniida (Life cycle)
|
When the DH ingests the larval stages, everything is digested away but the scolex
|
|
|
Echinococcus multilocularis
(Common name, IH, Host, Habitat) |
1. Common name - Hydatid Cyst Tapeworm
2. IH - Rodents 3. Host - canidae and domestic cats 4. Habitat - Small intestines - larval stages in the lung or liver generally |
|
|
Echinococcus multilocularis
(Life Cycle) |
Larval stage is an alveolar hydatid cyst "non-encapsulated" - occurs in rodent and man
|
|
|
Echinococcus multilocularis
(Pathology & CS) |
Problem - Man ingesting eggs in carnivore feces. Man is dead end host.
Alveolar hydatid cyst: |
|
|
General description of a Hydatid Cyst
|
It is encapsulated (E. granulosus) or non-encapsulated (E. multilocularis).
Encapsulated can be surgically removed |
|
|
Echinococcus multilocularis
|
In man is very dangerous
Forms cysts in liver, lungs, body cavity and heart If it ruptures the patient can go into shock |
|
|
Hymenolepis - H. diminuta
(IH, Host) |
1. IH - Beetle, cockroaches
2. Host - man, rat and mouse |
|
|
Gravid
|
Segments with eggs (mature with eggs)
The reproductive system degenerates to make room for the eggs |
|
|
Senile
|
Segments w/o eggs
|
|
|
Some Cyclophyllidea...
|
have genital pores (Taenia), but may not be open, gravid segments pass in the feces
|
|
|
Pseudophyllidea have...
|
No hooks, have pores, eggs pass in the feces.
Have bothria - sucking grooves |
|
|
Define Rostellium
|
Dome-like projections on the apex of the scolex that can be retracted. This may contain hooks.
|
|
|
Which Rostellium have hooks and which ones don't?
Taenia |
Have hooks - except T. saginata
|
|
|
Which Rostellium have hooks and which ones don't?
Cyclophyllidea |
+/- hooks
Have suckers on rostellium |
|
|
Which Rostellium have hooks and which ones don't?
Anoplocephala |
No hooks
|
|
|
Operculated?
Trematodes |
All eggs but Schistosoma ARE operculated
|
|
|
Operculated?
Pseudophyllidea |
Eggs ARE operculated
|
|
|
Operculated?
Cyclophyllidea |
Eggs ARE NOT operculated
|
|
|
Pseudophyllideans - Tied to aquatic environment.
|
Require at least one IH or two IH that are water connected.
Not nearly as important |
