Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trypanosomatids Types
|
1.African Trypanosomasis(sleeping sickness)
2.American Trypanosomasis (Chagas' disease) 3.Leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral) |
|
Trypanosomatids Characteristics
|
1.Asexual reproduction
2.Single Flagella and Kinetoplast 3.Usually Vector-borne |
|
Trypanosomatids Life cyle Forms
|
1.Amastigote(Mammal)(intracellular)
2.Promastigote(Vector) 3.Epimastigote(Vector 4.Trypomastigote(Mammal) |
|
Trypanosomatids' Kinetoplast
|
1.w/in mitochondria
2.<20% of total DNA 3.mini/maxi-circles 4.produce mRNA for mito prots 5.RNA edited by inserting U's |
|
African Trypanosomatids Lifecycle
|
Human/animal
-Trypomastigote Tsetse Fly -Epimastigote -Metacyclic -Trypomastigote |
|
African Trypanosomatids Epidemic
|
Sudan, Uganda, Congo, Angola
>100,000 new cases/yr |
|
African Trypanosomatids in West africa
|
T. Gambiense
-Reservoir=human -Glossina Palpalis group, lives by rivers -Chronic Disease-years to develope |
|
African Trypanosomatids in East Africa
|
T. Rhodesiense
-Reservoir=wild animals -Glossina Morsitans group, lives in savanna -Acute Disease-developes in months |
|
African Trypanosomatids Disease stages
|
1.Primary-Lymphadenopathy (Winterbottom's sign)
2.Secondary-systemic disease (Fever, Wasting) 3.Advanced-CNS disease (Lethargy, insomnia, seizures, coma) |
|
Glossina
|
Tsetse fly
|
|
African Trypanosomatids Antigenic Variation
|
1.Variant Surf Glycoprot-protective coat
2.parasite may have >1000 VSG genes 3.NO Vaccine possible |
|
African Trypanosomatids Treatment
|
new=Eflornithine, DB 289
old(toxic)=suramin, pentamidine, melarsoprol |
|
American Trypanosomatids cause by/disease
|
1.Caused by Trypanosoma Cruzi
2.Chagas' disease |
|
American Trypanosomatids life cycle forms (Human/animal)
|
1.Trypomastigote
2.Amastigote |
|
American Trypanosomatids Life cycle forms (Reduviid)
|
1.Epimastigote
2.Metacyclic 3.Trypomastigote |
|
American Trypanosomatids Amastigote form characteristics
|
1.Live in MACS or Muscle cells
2.Fuse w/ Phagolysosome then ESCAPE to cytoplasm 3.Transform to trypomastigotes intracytoplasmically |
|
American Trypanosomatids Spread by?
|
1.Reduviid Bugs
2.Triatomes -Domestic(cracks in mud, thatch) -sylvatic(animals only) 3.Transfusions 4.Zoonotic in US (rodents, raccoons) |
|
American Trypanosomatids Acute disease
|
1.Romano's sign
2.parasitemia, febril illness 3.trypomatigotes in blood |
|
American Trypanosomatids Chronic Disease
|
1.occurs 10-20 yrs later
2.chronic cardiomyopathy(20-30%) 3.mega-colon/esophagus(8-10%) |
|
American Trypanosomatids Treatment
|
acute treated w/ nifurtimox(lampit)
|
|
American Trypanosomatids Diagnosis (Normal)
|
1.parasites usually not in peripheral blood
2.Xenodiagnosis(old) |
|
American Trypanosomatids Diagnosis (immunologically)
|
1.indirect fluoescent antibody (IFA)
2.Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) |
|
American Trypanosomatids Pathogenesis
|
PCR showed organisms in Lesion, could be direct effect
|
|
Leishmanial organism types
|
1.Dermatotrophic strains(only one in europe/asia)
2.Viscerotropic Strains(only one in Indai/mediterranean) |
|
Leishmanial lifecycle types
|
Human/animal=Amastigote
Sandfly=Promastigote |
|
Leishmanial Lifecylce specifics
|
1.Amastigotes
-Live in Phagolysosome -Release when cell ruptures 2.NO trypomastigote form |
|
Leishmaniasis, The disease
|
1.Cutaneous/mucocutaneous(1-1.5mill cases/yr)
2.Visceral leishmaniasis(500,000/yr) 3.Most are epizootic(lots of animals in same region) |
|
Leishmaniasis disease most often effects who?
|
Malnourished kids
|
|
Leishmaniasis disease manifestations
|
1.Initially=painless skin lesion
2.most disappear spontaneously 3.May metastasize to Liver/Spleen/Bone marrow (Visceral Leishmaniasis) 4.Or to mucus membranes of face(mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis) 5.High death rate if untreated |
|
Visceral Leishmaniasis (endemic/epidemic/opportunistic)
|
1.Endemic
-worse in kids -animal reserviors(dogs,other) 2.epidemic -often human-fly-human transmition -India, sudan 3.Opportunistic in AIDS -S. europe, Brazil |
|
Leishmaniasis diagnosis
|
1.Culture
2.Leishmanin 3.PCR 4.Serology(ELISA/DAT) 5.Immunohistochemistry |
|
Leishmaniasis Treatment
|
1.Antimonials(pentostam, glucantine, long course)
2.Pentamidine 3.Amphotericin B(liposome) |
|
Anaerobic Protozoa
|
1.Trichomonas Vaginalis
2.Entamoeba Histolytica 3.Giardia Lamblia |
|
Generic anaerobic life cycle
|
Environment
1.Cyst:durable daughter cells Host 2.Trophozoites:Motile reproductive, destructive |
|
Parasites In MACS
|
1.Toxoplasma Gondii-prevents fusion w/ lysosome
2.Trypanosoma Cruzi-fuse then escape to cyto 3.Leishmania-in phagolysosome |
|
Trichomonas Vaginalis Characteristics (life cycle, epi, diagnosis)
|
1.NO cyst
2.Most common STD in world 3.Easily trans. sexually 4.Diagnosis-wet smear |
|
Trichomiasis in men/women
|
1.Women
-yellow vag discharge(mimics yeast) -itching -burning 2.Men -usually asympt -may cause non-gonococcal urethritis |
|
Trichomiasis Pathogenesis
|
1.Lives in vaginal epithelium
2.Need pH=5-6 (usual vag pH=4-4.5) 3.Often coexists with yeast/bacterial overgrowths |
|
Trichomiasis, possible virulence factors
|
1.cysteine proteases
2.adhesins |
|
Trichomiasis and the Hydrogenosome
|
-reduces protons to H2 instead of reducing O2 to H2O
-Metronidazole(Flagyl) is reduced this way, often makes free rads |
|
Entamoeba Histolytica life stages
|
1.Trophozoite-pathogenic, 1 nucleus w/ central nucleolus
2.Cyst-infective, survive in envior, 1-4 nuclei |
|
Amebiasis Pathogenesis
|
1.Lumenal(noninvasive)
2.Invasive(hepatic) disease |
|
Invasive Amebiasis
|
1.Abscess in liver
-fever -pain 2.can rupture,extend, or metastasize 3.Hard diagnosis-may be no sign in stool |
|
Amebiasis Trophozoite characteristics/virulence factors
|
1.Eat bact/dead cells
2.NO mito or Hydrogenosome 3.Virulence factors: -amebapore -cysteine proteases |
|
Diagnosis of Amebiasis intestinal disease
|
1.direct exam of stool
-can look like E. Dispar -Need 3 specimins b/c low yeild 2.Sigmoidoscopically-obtained specimins 3.EIA-see E. Histolytica specific lectin |
|
Diagnosis of Amebiasis Liver abscess
|
1.Serology
2.Aspiration-most amoebae in wall of abscess |
|
Giardia Lamblia Life cycles
|
1.Trophozoites
2.Cysts |
|
Giardia Lamblia characteristic
|
NO mito or hydrogenosome
|
|
Giardia Lamblia trophozoites characterisctics
|
Inhabit Small Intestine, DON'T Invade
1. 4 pairs of flagella 2. 2 nuclei 3. Adhesive disc 4. Lectins |
|
Giardia Lamblia Cysts characteristics
|
Highly infectious(10cysts can cause infection)
1. 4 nuclei 2. resistant to Chlorine 3. Viable for months in Water |
|
Giardiasis Epidemiology
|
1. Most common intestinal parasite in world
2. usually kids 3. 2-44% of acute diarrhea |
|
Giardiasis Transmitted by?
|
1.usually by watter
2. or person to person 3. rarely in food |
|
Giardiasis Reservoir
|
1.Beaver
2.Rats, dogs, cats, pigs |
|
Giardiasis in US/control
|
1. 100 outbreaks since '65
-local water systems -daycare centers 2. Control-latrines, boil/filter water |
|
Giardiasis Pathology (acute)
|
1-Lots of Trophs in stool
2-diarrhea 3-steatorrhea 4-nausea 5-flatulence 6-weight loss |
|
Giardiasis Pathology (Chronic)
|
1. Intermittent
2. Hard to Find -Repeat O&P 3times -duodenal aspiration to diagnose |
|
Giardiasis in kids
|
1.intestinal malabsorption of Vit B12&A,Iron,Fat,Sugar
-impaired devel of kids 2.Human Breast milk kills Trophozoites |