Parasitology - Intro Terms

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Commensalism

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-symbiosis where a parasite is benefited and the host is neither benefited nor harmed by the relationship

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Definitive Hosts

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hosts in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity and reproduces

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Intermediate hosts

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hosts in which some development of the parasite occurs but does not mature

eg. Trichinella spiralis

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Reservoir hosts

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anamiclas that harbor a species of parasite that is also parasitic for humans and from which a human may become infected

eg trypanosoma cruzi

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Vector hosts

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arthropods or other living carriers that transport a pathogenic parasite from an infected to a non-infected host

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Partenic hosts

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animals that ingest infected intermediate hosts and become intermediate hosts themselves

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Dead-end hosts

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organisms that harbor a life stage of a parasite but do not transmit the parasite to another host thus not allowing it to continue its life cycle

eg. Dirofilaria immitia

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Microbial antagonsism

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antiparasitic factors in serum and the competition for nutrients by normal flora prevent parasite invasion

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Parenchymatous degeneration

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damage to infected liver, heart, and kidney cells

-characterized by swollen cells packed with aluminous or fatty granules, indistinct nuclei and pale cytoplasm

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Neoplasia

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abnormal cell growth in a tissue producing an entirely new structure such as a tumor as the result of an attempt to repair an organ

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Neoplasms

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may be benign (localized with no invasion of adjacent tissues)

or malignant (invading adjacent tissues)

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Fecal Concentrations

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-used to concentrate parasitic forms in fecal samples

-based on the fact that parasitic forms will float in zinc sulfate solutions of high osmolarity and specimens can ce collected onto a glass slide, observed with LM

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KOH preparations

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-quick and cheap way of viewing clinical specimens for the presence of microscopic arthropods

-cause most tissue element to become disolved leaving parasitic forms that retain their shape and color, use LM
-Sarcoples-mite (scabies)

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Giemsa Stain

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used when intracellular structures are to be examined

-stains tissue and RBCs showing blue-colored IC parasites, sometimes with a halo around them

-eg. leishmania amastigotes

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Trichrome stain

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***gold standard for fecal smears
-standard procedure used for staining parasites in fecal material

-protozoan cells pink w/ blue-green organelles

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Wrights stain

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-used for ID of cell types in blood smears (more in cattle than people)

-stains leucocytes and erythrocytes as well as protozoans or microfilarie in blood smears

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Acid - fast stain

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-used to find and ID small protozoans in fecal smears. stains cells pink with a blue background making easy to find

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Antimony Na-gluconate

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-blocks energy production in protozoan cells

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Azithromycin and oxytetracycline

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-inhib protein synthesis

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Chloroquine and diloxanide furoate

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-inhib Hb breakdown in RBCs

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Fumagillin

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inhibits enzyme activity in protozoan cells

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Metronidazole

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binds to and inhibits DNA synthesis and protein formation

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Nifurtimox

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inhibits DNA synthesis and damages protozoan cell membranes

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Pyrimethamine sulfadiazine and trimethroprim sulfamethoxazole

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inhibit DNA synthesis and disrupt mitochondria

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Suramiin

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inhibs enzyme activity and damages IC organelles

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Prazinquantel

Chemo for Trematodes

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increases Ca permeability producing a muscle paralysis and vacuolization and vesiculation of the worm's tegument

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Niclosamide

Chemo for Cestodes

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Inhib phosphorylation in the tapeworm mito

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Diethylcarbamazine

Chemo for Nematodes

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damages microfilarial membranes and immobilizes larvae

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Albendazole
Mebendazole
Thiabendazole
Triclabendazole

Chemo for nematodes

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-inhibit cytoplasmic microtubule formation

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Ivermectin

Chemo for Nematodes

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-increases chloride permeability producing a paralysis of nematode muscles

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Malathion

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-Anti-arthropod compound

-neurological poison

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Protozoan Nucleus

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contains an outer nuclear membrane, inner reticulum, chromatin and a karyosome

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Protozoan ectoplasm

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functions in movement, ingestion of food, excretion, respiration and protection

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Protozoan endoplasm

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granular and functions in nutrition and reproduction

-contains food vacuoles, food reserves, foreign bodies, contractile vacuoles and chromatoidal bodies

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Protozoan extrude

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undigested particles through the ectoplasm into their external environment by osmotic pressure, diffusion and precipitation

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Protozoan pseudopodia

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temporary projections of the cytoplasm used for ingestion of food and movement

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Protozoan asexual reproduction

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binary fission
-schizogony--> multiple fission
-endodygoeny--> internal budding