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85 Cards in this Set

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Subclass Copepoda

Micropredator - swim to different hosts.
Can act as vectors Includes highly derived species that look wormy. Includes families Caligidae, Sarcotacidae, Pennellidae, Lernaepodidae

Micropredator - swim to different hosts.


Can act as vectors Includes highly derived species that look wormy. Includes families Caligidae, Sarcotacidae, Pennellidae, Lernaepodidae

Family Lernaepodidae

In Subclass Copepoda


Parasites of fish


Anterior end of parasite is embedded in skin


ie Ommatokoita elongata in sleeper shark eye

Family Pennellidae

Subclass Copepoda, highly modified. Parasite of fish and cetaceans
Usually anchored in circulatory system, ie in aorta. 
Can get big, ie ones on whale & blue marlin.

Subclass Copepoda, highly modified. Parasite of fish and cetaceans


Usually anchored in circulatory system, ie in aorta.


Can get big, ie ones on whale & blue marlin.

Family Sarcotacidae

Subclass Copepoda
Live encysted in muscle or in abdominal cavities of fish host. 
Female is sac like gonad and male lives in cyst with her.

Subclass Copepoda


Live encysted in muscle or in abdominal cavities of fish host.


Female is sac like gonad and male lives in cyst with her.

Subclass Branchiura

Class Maxillopoda
Fish lice
Micropredators
Have two adhesive disks and a piercing stylet. 
Ecto-parasites of fish, some on frogs.

Class Maxillopoda


Fish lice


Micropredators


Have two adhesive disks and a piercing stylet.


Ecto-parasites of fish, some on frogs.

Subclass Pentastomida

Class Maxillopoda
Tongue worms
In verts, common in reptiles
Related to Branchiura
Trophically transmitted
Lives in respiratory tract of DH. 
Complex life cycle
Cause Human Pentastomiasis - ocular

Class Maxillopoda


Tongue worms


In verts, common in reptiles


Related to Branchiura


Trophically transmitted


Lives in respiratory tract of DH.


Complex life cycle


Cause Human Pentastomiasis - ocular

Phylum Acanthocephala

"Thorny headed worms" Proboscis armed with hooks
Hosts: Larvae in insects or crustaceans
Adults in the intestines of verts or bony fishes
Trophic transmission
See sexual selection with sperm competition
Dioecious 
-females bigger & have ovarian ba...
"Thorny headed worms"

Proboscis armed with hooks


Hosts: Larvae in insects or crustaceans


Adults in the intestines of verts or bony fishes


Trophic transmission


See sexual selection with sperm competition


Dioecious


-females bigger & have ovarian balls & uterine bells


-male is smaller and has copulatory bursa & cement glands


Image is of cystacanth stage ( infective stage)





Acanthocephalan Life Cycle
eggs contain acanthor with 6-8 hooks. 
Paratenic hosts common, not required. 
IH: insect, crustacean, copepod. 
DH: vert.

Egg has acanthor > acanthella > cystacanth (infective form) > adult


eggs contain acanthor with 6-8 hooks.


Paratenic hosts common, not required.


IH: insect, crustacean, copepod.


DH: vert.

Dissection of Sand Crab
Host: Emeritas analoga
Parasite: Acanthocephalan Polymorphus sp.

Host: Emeritas analoga


Parasite: Acanthocephalan Polymorphus sp.

Phylum Arthropoda

Chitinous exoskeletons

Metamerism - body segmentation


Jointed appendages


Include Subphylum Crustacean and Class Insecta

Subclass Copepoda

In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum CrustaceaDiverse
In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea


Diverse

Subclass Branchiura

In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea
Two adhesive disks & piercing stylet
Ecto-parasites of fishes, cause serious economic loss in fisheries

In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea


Two adhesive disks & piercing stylet


Ecto-parasites of fishes, cause serious economic loss in fisheries


Smaller bottom part and little tail compared to the copepod family calgidae





Superorder Thoracica

In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass ThecostracaYour typical barnacles that live on other organisms. Free living.
ie Whale barnacles
In Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Thecostraca

Your typical barnacles that live on other organisms. Free living.


ie Whale barnacles

Subclass Thecostraca

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda


Two larval stages: nauplius & cypris.


Includes Superorders Thoracica & Rhizocephala

Superorder Rhizocephala

Phylum Arthropods, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Thecostraca
Highly specialized parasites
Endoparasites of crustaceans. 
Castrators, behavior modifiers

Phylum Arthropods, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda, Subclass Thecostraca


Highly specialized parasites


Endoparasites of crustaceans.


Castrators, behavior modifiers

Sheep Crab Dissection

Host: Sheep Crab Loxorhynchus
Parasite: Rhizocephalan Heterosaccus californicus

Host: Sheep Crab Loxorhynchus


Parasite: Rhizocephalan Heterosaccus californicus

Class Insecta

Phylum Arthropoda

Ectoparasites, Parasitoids, Micropredators, & Vectors.


Head, thorax, abdomen.


Order Phthiraptera

Lice
D-V flattened
Wingless
Includes
Ischnocera- "chewing lice"
Anoplura - "sucking lice"

Lice


D-V flattened


Wingless


Includes


Ischnocera- "chewing lice"


Anoplura - "sucking lice"



Superfamily Anoplura

In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera
"sucking lice" 
Have three piercing stylets
Includes Pediculus sp: body louse, head louse, and public louse. 
Have smaller/thinner heads than Mallphaga.

In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera


"sucking lice"


Have three piercing stylets


Includes Pediculus sp: body louse, head louse, and public louse.


Have smaller/thinner heads than Mallphaga.

Superfamily Ischnocera

In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera
"chewing lice" 
Small, wingless 
Parasites of birds & sometimes mammals
Includes feather lice
Many highly host specific or site (on body) specific

In Class Insecta, Order Phthiraptera


"chewing lice"


Small, wingless


Parasites of birds & sometimes mammals


Includes feather lice


Many highly host specific or site (on body) specific



Order Siphonaptera

Class Insecta 
Fleas
Small, wingless
Feed on blood of mammals & birds as adults
Not highly host specific 
Laterally compressed 
Includes Xenopsylla cheopsis, the vector of bubonic plague.

Class Insecta


Fleas


Small, wingless


Feed on blood of mammals & birds as adults


Not highly host specific


Laterally compressed


Includes Xenopsylla cheopsis, the vector of bubonic plague.

Order Hemiptera

Class Insecta
"true bugs" 
X-shaped wings
Stylet mouthpart
Posteriorly directed stylet
Mostly winged (Cimex sp. are an exception)
Includes Triatoma sp. Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) vector
& Cimex sp. bedbugs!

Class Insecta


"true bugs"


X-shaped wings


Stylet mouthpart


Posteriorly directed stylet


Mostly winged (Cimex sp. are an exception)


Includes Triatoma sp. Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) vector


& Cimex sp. bedbugs!

Triatoma sp

Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera
"kissing bug"
Blood feeding
Vector for Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera


"kissing bug"


Blood feeding


Vector for Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)



Cimex sp.

Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera
bedbugs!
No wings
Note posteriorly facing stylet

Class Insecta, Order Hemiptera


bedbugs!


No wings


Note posteriorly facing stylet

Order Diptera

Class Insecta
Flies, gnats, & mosquitos
Single pair of membranous wings, hindwings modified as balancing organs: halteres
Many micropredators, some parasitoids

Class Insecta


Flies, gnats, & mosquitos


Single pair of membranous wings, hindwings modified as balancing organs: halteres


Many micropredators, some parasitoids



Plant Gall Dissection

Host: Baccharis pilularis - Coyote Bush
Parasite: Rhopalomyia californica - Midge, a Dipteran

Host: Baccharis pilularis - Coyote Bush


Parasite: Rhopalomyia californica - Midge, a Dipteran

Glossina sp.

Order Diptera
Tsetse fly.
Vector for African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei)

Order Diptera


Tsetse fly.


Vector for African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei)

Subclass Acari

Phylum Arthropoda, Class Arachnida
Ticks & Mites
Adults have four pairs of legs & juveniles have only three.
Includes 
Family Ixodidae: Hard Ticks
Family Argasidae: Soft Ticks

Phylum Arthropoda, Class Arachnida


Ticks & Mites


Adults have four pairs of legs & juveniles have only three.


Includes


Family Ixodidae: Hard Ticks


Family Argasidae: Soft Ticks

Family Ixodidae



Class Arachnida, Class Acari
Hard Ticks
Visible head
Includes Ixodes sp, the vector for Lyme Disease.

Class Arachnida, Class Acari


Hard Ticks


Visible head


Includes Ixodes sp, the vector for Lyme Disease.

Family Argasidae

Class Arachnida, Class Acari
Soft Ticks
Can't see head from above
Round

Class Arachnida, Class Acari


Soft Ticks


Can't see head from above


Round

Mite & Amphipod Dissection

Host: Orchestoidea, amphipod (beach hopper) 
Parasite: Thinoseius brevisternalis, mite

Host: Orchestoidea, amphipod (beach hopper)


Parasite: Thinoseius brevisternalis, mite

Flagellates

Diverse paraphyletic group, relationships not well understood. 
Stages:
trophozoite: in gut & urogenital tract.
cyst: in feces. Infective stage.

Diverse paraphyletic group, relationships not well understood.


Stages:


trophozoite: in gut & urogenital tract.


cyst: in feces. Infective stage.





Order Retortamonadida

Flagellates
Know species Chilomastic mesnili
DH: humans, pigs, primates
Non pathogenic
Four flagella
Pyriform shape: posterior end drawn out into a blunt point
Trophs in cecum/colon
Cysts in feces > water

Flagellates


Know species Chilomastic mesnili


DH: humans, pigs, primates


Non pathogenic


Four flagella


Pyriform shape: posterior end drawn out into a blunt point


Trophs in cecum/colon


Cysts in feces > water

Order Diplomonadida

Flagellate
Know species Giardia lamblia
DH: humans/mammals
pathogenix
Eight flagella
Binucleate trophs
Adhesive disk
Trophs in intestine
Cysts in feces > water
Cysts have 4 nuclei grouped together

Flagellate


Know species Giardia lamblia


DH: humans/mammals


pathogenix


Eight flagella


Binucleate trophs


Adhesive disk


Trophs in intestine


Cysts in feces > water


Cysts have 4 nuclei grouped together

Class Opalinea

Flagellate
Appear ciliated, but taxonomically closer to flagellates
know Opalina sp. 
Multinucleate
Found in gut of amphibians - timed to host reproduction to facilitate transmission
Live opalina have graceful movement and opalescent sheen

Flagellate


Appear ciliated, but taxonomically closer to flagellates


know Opalina sp.


Multinucleate


Found in gut of amphibians - timed to host reproduction to facilitate transmission


Live opalina have graceful movement and opalescent sheen



Local Tree Frog Dissection

Host: Pseudacris regilla - local tree frog
Parasite: Opalina sp - a flagellate

Host: Pseudacris regilla - local tree frog


Parasite: Opalina sp - a flagellate

Order Trichomonadida

Flagellates


know 2 species


Dientamoeba fragilis


Trichomonas vaginalis
No cysts in these species


Multiply by binary fission



Dientamoeba fragilis

Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida
Inhabits large intestine of humans.
Lacks flagella, instead has a pseudopodium
No cyst stage, troph in lg intestine
2 nuclei in troph
Pinworms may be a vector

Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida


Inhabits large intestine of humans.


Lacks flagella, instead has a pseudopodium


No cyst stage, troph in lg intestine


2 nuclei in troph


Pinworms may be a vector

Trichomonas vaginalis

Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida
Inhabits urogenital tract of humans - sexually transmitted!
Pathogenic, not severe
Undulating membrane
Trophs in urogenital tract, no cycsts

Flagellate, Order Trichomonadida


Inhabits urogenital tract of humans - sexually transmitted!


Pathogenic, not severe


Undulating membrane


Trophs in urogenital tract, no cycsts

Termite dissection

Host: Termites
Parasites: Flagellates
Mutualistic relationship!!
Flagellates digest wood for the termites - the flagellates produce cellulase as a byproduct of their metabolic functions
Many different genera & species of gut flagellates!

Host: Termites


Parasites: Flagellates


Mutualistic relationship!!


Flagellates digest wood for the termites - the flagellates produce cellulase as a byproduct of their metabolic functions


Many different genera & species of gut flagellates!

Order Kinetoplastida

Hemoflagellates
One flagellum
Single, large mitochondria
Have kinetoplast - a mass of DNA in mitochondria at base of flagellum. Stains well & is easy to see.
Kinetostome - structure from which the flagellum originates
Have four troph stages & no c...

Hemoflagellates


One flagellum


Single, large mitochondria


Have kinetoplast - a mass of DNA in mitochondria at base of flagellum. Stains well & is easy to see.


Kinetostome - structure from which the flagellum originates


Have four troph stages & no cyst stage (not all species have all stages).


1. Amastigote: tiny, no flagellum


2. Promastigote: Has flagellum, no undulating membrane.


3. Epimastigote: Has flagellum and short undulating membrance. Kinetoplast moves up closer to nucleus.


4. Trypomastigote: Has flagellum and undulating membrane all the way up the body.


Includes Salivaria & Stercoraria

Salivaria

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida
The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector and positions infective stages in the salivary glands of the insect so that when it feeds, the infective stages are injected into the skin of the vert host. 
Includ...

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida


The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector and positions infective stages in the salivary glands of the insect so that when it feeds, the infective stages are injected into the skin of the vert host.


Includes Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei

Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Salivaria
Africa
~2.5x size of red blood cell. Has a lot of "stuff"/organelles in body.
Trypomastigote in vertebrate, epimastigote in insect. 


Three subspecies: 
1. T. brucei brucei: causes Nagana in...

Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Salivaria


Africa


~2.5x size of red blood cell. Has a lot of "stuff"/organelles in body.


Trypomastigote in vertebrate, epimastigote in insect.




Three subspecies:


1. T. brucei brucei: causes Nagana in livestock


Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp.


Severe pathology




2. T. brucei rhodesiense: causes acute African Sleeping Sickness in humans. Some reservoir hosts.


Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp.


Trypomastigotes don't usually invade nervous system, but invade other organs - still can die in a matter of months.




3. T. brucei gambiense: causes chronic African Sleeping Sickness in humans.


Vector: Tsetse fly: Glossina sp.


Central nervous system invaded.

Stercoraria

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida
The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector, but infective stages remain in the gut of the insect; the insect poops on the host's skin while feeding. Host then scratches wound and introduces parasite into the...

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida


The parasite utilizes a biting insect vector, but infective stages remain in the gut of the insect; the insect poops on the host's skin while feeding. Host then scratches wound and introduces parasite into the wound.


Includes Trypanosoma cruzi & Trypanosoma lewisi

Trypanosoma cruzi
Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria


Central & South America
Causes Chaga's Disease in humans/mammals.
Vector: Kissing bug, Fam Reduviidae


Life cycle has trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, reservoir hosts important.


~Th...

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria




Central & South America


Causes Chaga's Disease in humans/mammals.


Vector: Kissing bug, Fam Reduviidae




Life cycle has trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, reservoir hosts important.




~The same size as a red blood cell.

Trypanosoma lewisi

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria


Worldwide distribution in Rattus sp. 
Vector: Rat flea
Mild pathology. Trypomastigotes in blood.


~2.5x size of red blood cell, more transparent. kinetoplast distinct.

Hemoflagellates, Order Kinetoplastida, Section Stercoraria




Worldwide distribution in Rattus sp.


Vector: Rat flea


Mild pathology. Trypomastigotes in blood.




~2.5x size of red blood cell, more transparent. kinetoplast distinct.

Leishmania donovani

Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida


Causes visceral leimaniasis
Africa, India, & Middle East. 
Vector: Sand flies, Phlebotomus sp. (transmitted by injecting with bite) 
Promastigote stage in insect vector & amastigote in vert host. 
Intracellul...

Hemoflagellate, Order Kinetoplastida




Causes visceral leimaniasis


Africa, India, & Middle East.


Vector: Sand flies, Phlebotomus sp. (transmitted by injecting with bite)


Promastigote stage in insect vector & amastigote in vert host.


Intracellular parasite in vert host! (recall pictures of lysed macrophage cells with amastigotes spilling out)



Order Amphipoda

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca
Includes whale lice in family Cyamidae

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca


Includes whale lice in family Cyamidae

Order Isopoda

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca

Includes 
Family Cymothoidae
Family Entoniscidae
Family Bopyridae

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca




Includes


Family Cymothoidae


Family Entoniscidae


Family Bopyridae

Family Cymothoidae

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca, Order Isopoda

Fish ectoparasite
Relatively unmodified from free living
Facultative castrators
Include "tongue biters" 
Infective stage: manca larvae
Females have marsupium where eggs ar...

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca, Order Isopoda




Fish ectoparasite


Relatively unmodified from free living


Facultative castrators


Include "tongue biters"


Infective stage: manca larvae


Females have marsupium where eggs are brood


Eggs hatch and molt through stages 1-3 in marsupium



Family Bopyridae

Ectoparasites or decapod crustaceans
Two host life cycle with two infectious larval stages: 
Epicardium larvae infects copepods (IH)
Cryptoniscus larvae infects decapods (DH)
Dwarf males, large blob-like females
Facultative castrators because the...

Ectoparasites or decapod crustaceans


Two host life cycle with two infectious larval stages:


Epicardium larvae infects copepods (IH)


Cryptoniscus larvae infects decapods (DH)


Dwarf males, large blob-like females


Facultative castrators because they feed on the hemolymph and the host becomes resource depleted


Most diverse group of isopod parasites: 605 spp.

Family Entoniscidae

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca, Order Isopoda


Endoparasites of crabs
Highly modified
Two host life cycle with epicardium (IH) and cryptoniscus larvae (DH)

Adults in crab host- hemocoel castrator
Females highly modifi...

Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, Class Malocostraca, Order Isopoda




Endoparasites of crabs


Highly modified


Two host life cycle with epicardium (IH) and cryptoniscus larvae (DH)


Adults in crab host- hemocoel castrator


Females highly modified - vestigal limbs & loss of exoskeleton


IH: copepod


DH: crab

Shore crab dissection

Host: Hemigraspus spp. (shore crab)

Parasite: Portunion conformis, Family Entoniscidae (Order Isopoda)

Host: Hemigraspus spp. (shore crab)


Parasite: Portunion conformis, Family Entoniscidae (Order Isopoda)

Porcelain crab dissection

Host: Pachycheles sp.
Parasite: Apobopyrus oviformis, Family Bopyridae (Order Isopoda)

Host: Pachycheles sp.


Parasite: Apobopyrus oviformis, Family Bopyridae (Order Isopoda)



Family Pinnotheridae, Order Decapoda

Pea crabs!
Parasitic and commensalistic with bivalves. 
ex: sp Fabia

Pea crabs!


Parasitic and commensalistic with bivalves.


ex: sp Fabia



Amoebas/ Amoebazoa

Direct life cycle, two life stages:
Trophozoite: feeding, reproductive stage
Cyst: Infective stage. Diagnostic stage. 
Have an endosome: diagnotic mass of chromatin in the nucleus.
Include these species in the human gut: 
Entamoeba hystolytica
En...

Direct life cycle, two life stages:


Trophozoite: feeding, reproductive stage


Cyst: Infective stage. Diagnostic stage.


Have an endosome: diagnotic mass of chromatin in the nucleus.


Include these species in the human gut:


Entamoeba hystolytica


Entamoeba coli


Endolimax nana


Iodamoeba buetschlii

Entamoeba histolytica

Human Gut Amoeba
Causes amoebic dysentery 
Mature cyst has four nuclei
Chromatoidal bodies may be present
In trophozoite, can see that endosome is in center of nucleus

Human Gut Amoeba


Causes amoebic dysentery


Mature cyst has four nuclei


Chromatoidal bodies may be present


In trophozoite, can see that endosome is in center of nucleus

Entamoeba coli

Human Gut Amoeba
Very high prevalence in humans, also found in primates

Mature cysts have eight nuclei
Have chromatoidal bodies
Endosome off center in trophozoite

Human Gut Amoeba


Very high prevalence in humans, also found in primates


Mature cysts have eight nuclei


Have chromatoidal bodies


Endosome off center in trophozoite



Endolimax nana

Human gut amoeba
Found in verts & inverts
Endocommensal in human colon with high prevalence
In mature cyst, four nuclei and no chromatid bodies
In troph, large irregular endosome in nucleus
Varies in shape - can be an oval

Human gut amoeba


Found in verts & inverts


Endocommensal in human colon with high prevalence


In mature cyst, four nuclei and no chromatid bodies


In troph, large irregular endosome in nucleus


Varies in shape - can be an oval

Iodamoeba buetschlii

Human gut amoeba
Endocommensal in gut of primates, humans, pigs.
Low prevalence in humans, no pathology
Cyst has one nucleus and a large glycogen vacuole
Often irregular in shape

Human gut amoeba


Endocommensal in gut of primates, humans, pigs.


Low prevalence in humans, no pathology


Cyst has one nucleus and a large glycogen vacuole


Often irregular in shape

Glugea sp.

In the Phylum Microsporidia
Whirling disease in salmon fry. 
Even though can see it on the outside, it is intracellular and therefore endoparasitic.

In the Phylum Microsporidia


Whirling disease in salmon fry.


Even though can see it on the outside, it is intracellular and therefore endoparasitic.

Nosema apis

Phylum Microsporidia
Most common pathogen of adult honey bees and contributes to colony collapse.

Phylum Microsporidia


Most common pathogen of adult honey bees and contributes to colony collapse.

Phylum Ciliophora

Trophozoite: feeding stage, present within host.
Cyst: produces tomites
Tomites: motile, infective stage. 


Macronucleus & micronucleus.



includes
sp. Balantidium coli
sp Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
sp Trichodina sp.

Trophozoite: feeding stage, present within host.


Cyst: produces tomites


Tomites: motile, infective stage.




Macronucleus & micronucleus.




includes


sp. Balantidium coli


sp Ichthyophthirius multifiliis


sp Trichodina sp.

Balantidium coli

In Phylum Ciliophora
Largest protozoan known to infect humans
Parasite of pigs & other mammals
Pathology can be severe, leads to dysentery 

Large, sausage shaped macronucleus and single micronucleus. 
Cytosome = anal pore looking structure.

In Phylum Ciliophora


Largest protozoan known to infect humans


Parasite of pigs & other mammals


Pathology can be severe, leads to dysentery


Large, sausage shaped macronucleus and single micronucleus.


Cytosome = anal pore looking structure.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ("ich")

Phylum CiliophoraCommon parasite of freshwater fish. 
Severe outbreaks in aquariums. 
See white specs on fish - sand sized grains=pustules filled with trophozoites.
In cyst, should be able to see c-shaped macronucleus but probably won't since it...
Phylum Ciliophora

Common parasite of freshwater fish.


Severe outbreaks in aquariums.


See white specs on fish - sand sized grains=pustules filled with trophozoites.


In cyst, should be able to see c-shaped macronucleus but probably won't since it's impossible to see anything in this lab.

Trichodina sp.

Phylum Ciliophora
Parasites of fish, amphibians, and aquatic inverts. 

Basal disk contains a ring of denticles that facilitate attachment to the host. 

Low pathology.
Prof says these are pretty. 

Note c-shaped macronucleus.
Also saw slide with ...

Phylum Ciliophora


Parasites of fish, amphibians, and aquatic inverts.


Basal disk contains a ring of denticles that facilitate attachment to the host.


Low pathology.


Prof says these are pretty.


Note c-shaped macronucleus.


Also saw slide with these attached to muscle.

Phylum Apicomplexa & Life cycle

Begins with entrance of sporozoites into the host; these are contained in dessication-resistant structures called oocysts (or spores). Sporozoites are formed by sporogony, which is the meiotic asexual divisions of a zygote. Newly established spor...

Begins with entrance of sporozoites into the host; these are contained in dessication-resistant structures called oocysts (or spores). Sporozoites are formed by sporogony, which is the meiotic asexual divisions of a zygote. Newly established sporozoites mature into trophozoites within the host. Trophozoites may differentiate into gamete-producing forms called gamonts. Gamonts undergo gamogony (mitotic asexual reproduction) to produce gametes. The gametes fuse to become zygotes. Only the zygote is diploid, all other life stages are haploid.


Therefore, the gametocyst that formed in syzygy now contains many oocysts each formed from the fusion of a pair of gametes and each oocyst contains many sporozoites.




Only one type of nucleus.


Oocyst: infective stage.



Subclass Gregarinia

Endoparasites of inverts. 

Oocyst: infective stage.
Not pathogens. 

Typically do not undergo schizogony/merogony.

Endoparasites of inverts.


Oocyst: infective stage.


Not pathogens.


Typically do not undergo schizogony/merogony.

Pyxinia crystalligera

Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia
Found in hide beetle in demo dissection. 
Separated into epimerite, protomerite, & deuteromerite (because it is a septatina gregarine)

Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia


Found in hide beetle in demo dissection.


Separated into epimerite, protomerite, & deuteromerite (because it is a septatina gregarine)



Monocystis lumbrici

Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia

Found in dissection of Earthworm - high prevalence in earthworms, low pathology. 
One of the largest acephaline gregarines. 
Early sporogony (zygote dividing into sporozoites) takes place in double walled ...

Phylum Apicomplexa, Subclass Gregarinia




Found in dissection of Earthworm - high prevalence in earthworms, low pathology.


One of the largest acephaline gregarines.


Early sporogony (zygote dividing into sporozoites) takes place in double walled gametocyst.


8 sporozoites in each oocyst.


"hair" seen on trophozoites is earthworm sperm!

Syzygy

In apicomplexan/ Gregarine life cycle, a pre sexual union between two gamonts. A gametocyst forms around them. The gametocyst will then undergo gamogony and produce gametes.

In apicomplexan/ Gregarine life cycle, a pre sexual union between two gamonts. A gametocyst forms around them. The gametocyst will then undergo gamogony and produce gametes.

Schizogony/Merogony

In a Coccidian apicomplexan life cycle. A series of asexual divisions the trophozoite go through to produce merozoites. The merozoites emerge from the host cell to infect healthy cells and initiate further cycles of this or become gamonts. 
Mitot...

In a Coccidian apicomplexan life cycle. A series of asexual divisions the trophozoite go through to produce merozoites. The merozoites emerge from the host cell to infect healthy cells and initiate further cycles of this or become gamonts.


Mitotic, intracellular.

Differences between Gregarine and Coccidian Life Cycle

1. Coccidians undergo schizogony/ merogony


2. Coccidians produce male microgametocytes and female macrogametocytes in gamogony. Those then divide to create microgametes and macrogametes.

Class Coccidea

Phylum Apicomplexa
Typical life cycle includes
-Merogony/Schizogony
-Gamogony into micro & macrogamonts
-Sporogony

Includes
Family Eimeridae
Family Sarcocystidae

Phylum Apicomplexa


Typical life cycle includes


-Merogony/Schizogony


-Gamogony into micro & macrogamonts


-Sporogony




Includes


Family Eimeridae


Family Sarcocystidae



Family Eimeridae

In Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea

Direct life cycles
1:4:2 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio

Includes 
Eimeria tenella
In intestines of chickens, severe pathology
Eimeria stiedae
In bile duct & liver of rabbits

In Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea




Direct life cycles


1:4:2 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio




Includes


Eimeria tenella


In intestines of chickens, severe pathology


Eimeria stiedae


In bile duct & liver of rabbits

Family Sarcocystidae

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea

Have intermediate hosts
Have tachyzoites & bradyzoites
1:2:4 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio

Includes 
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis sp. 

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea




Have intermediate hosts


Have tachyzoites & bradyzoites


1:2:4 Oocyst : Sporocyst : Sporozoite ratio




Includes


Toxoplasma gondii


Sarcocystis sp.

Toxoplasma gondii

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae

DH: Cats
IH: many, includes mice & humans
DH becomes infected through sporolated oocysts or bradyzoites
Can be vertically transferred

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae




DH: Cats


IH: many, includes mice & humans


DH becomes infected through sporolated oocysts or bradyzoites


Can be vertically transferred

Toxoplasma gondii lifecycle

Tachyzoites
Bradyzoites
Zoitocyst
Monocyte Invasion!
Schizogony
Indirect Life Cycle

Tachyzoites


Bradyzoites


Zoitocyst


Monocyte Invasion!


Schizogony


Indirect Life Cycle

Sarcocystis sp.

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae

DH: Carnivores
IH: Herbivores
DH only infected by bradyzoites 
Large irregular zoitocysts visible in IH muscle. 
Causes sarcocystiosis

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Family Sarcocystidae




DH: Carnivores


IH: Herbivores


DH only infected by bradyzoites


Large irregular zoitocysts visible in IH muscle.


Causes sarcocystiosis

Order Piroplasmida

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Aconoidasida


Vectored by ticks - Boophillus sp. 
Reduced apical complex
Diseases in cattle


Include
Babesia bigemina - Texas Cattle Fever
In red blood cells
Theileria parva - East Coast Fever
in cattle

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Aconoidasida




Vectored by ticks - Boophillus sp.


Reduced apical complex


Diseases in cattle




Include


Babesia bigemina - Texas Cattle Fever


In red blood cells


Theileria parva - East Coast Fever


in cattle

Order Haemosporida

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea

Malaria!

Diagnostic ring trophs
Life cycle: 
Schizogony/ merogony: vert host
Gamegony: vert host
Fertilization/Zygote formation: Invert vector (so, invert vector technically=DH!)
Sporogony: invert vector
Vect...

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea




Malaria!




Diagnostic ring trophs


Life cycle:


Schizogony/ merogony: vert host


Gamegony: vert host


Fertilization/Zygote formation: Invert vector (so, invert vector technically=DH!)


Sporogony: invert vector


Vectored by Anopheles sp.

Plasmodium vivax

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida

43% of cases
Mostly in Asia
Large ring trophs
Shuffner's dots
48 hour schizogony cycles

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida




43% of cases


Mostly in Asia


Large ring trophs


Shuffner's dots


48 hour schizogony cycles

Plasmodium falciparum

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida

Most dangerous form
50% of cases
Small ring trophs
Multiple infections per red blood cell possible
Schizonts may have a rosette appearance
Banana shaped gametocyte
Asynchronous schizogony (a...

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida




Most dangerous form


50% of cases


Small ring trophs


Multiple infections per red blood cell possible


Schizonts may have a rosette appearance


Banana shaped gametocyte


Asynchronous schizogony (approx 48 hours)



Plasmodium malaria

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida

7% of cases
No schuffner's dots
Trophs may have band form
Schizogony: 72 hour cycle

Phylum Apicomplexa, Class Coccidea, Order Haemosporida




7% of cases


No schuffner's dots


Trophs may have band form


Schizogony: 72 hour cycle

Sporozoite stage of Plasmodium

Plasmodium stage

Plasmodium stage