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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ruminant TASE are very _________ and produce large numbers of ova to compensate for the fact that only________ reach maturity.
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reproductively aggressive
1 in 1000 |
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Ruminant TASE usually spares the ________ to perpetuate the ________ (so are non-pathogenic)
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host
worm |
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Ruminant TASE infestations peak during _______________ and moisture and ________ manifest outbreaks.
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grazing
warmth |
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Premunition is when the host builds up _____________ to future infestation and involves the larva not be able to mature in order to_______.
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resistance
keep adult healthy |
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Typical life cycle of Ruminant TASE is:
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*Adults in GI tract, usually stomach
*Ova in feces *Eggs become L1 and L2 in the feces *Larvae become L3 (infective) on vegetation *Host ingests L3 larvae *Larvae become L4 in the mucosa of GI tract (may go into hypobiotic stage) *Become adults in stomach or other GI locations. |
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Ruminant TASE at the L4 stage may enter an "arrested development" stage called _____________ which involves the larvae going dormant during the cold months. They are stimulated out of dormancy in the spring, which tends to be the reproductive cycle of the parasite And/or host.
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hypobiotic stage
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The rate of environmental contamination with eggs is in direct proportion to the degree of infestation of the host with adult parasites. Simply put, this means_______________
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more adults means more eggs
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Development and survival of the infective stage depends on ______ _______ and ____________
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environment-moisture and warmth
individual species |
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Host resistance to infestation varies due to:
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age
immunity genetics other stresses concurrent other disease premunition |
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Ruminant TASE are very difficult to eliminate and populations of adults seem to
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plateau out and maintain a stable amount of adults that are all related.
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Adult hosts of Ruminant TASE are typically ______________ that have developed ___________.
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asymptomatic carriers
premunition |
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Treatment protocols involve identifying the source, contain the heard, then
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*Restrict activity of heavily infested animals--over exerting them can lead to death
*Segregate animals showing anemia, diarrhea, weakness or depression *Use preventative treatment with antithelmintics, alternate routine dewormers. |
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With dewormers, especially with Ruminant TASE, it is recommended that the type of dewormers used be rotated because
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parasites can alter their genetic composition ( mutate) to become resistant to the dewormer.
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Caution must be taken when treating for Ruminant TASE because treating too aggressively can
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speed up death of infested animals
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The HOCT complex refers to a group of 4 types of Ruminant TASE that tend to infest the host together and they are:
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Ruminant Stongyles-4 genera involved
1) Haemonchus -1 species involved 2) Ostertagia - 2 species involved 3) Cooperia-3 species involved 4) trichostrongylus- 3 species invol. Are in order of most fertile to least fertile |
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Cooperia spp. is one of the four involved in the HOCT complex but differs from the other four in that it is ___________
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NOT a stomach dweller
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In regards to ruminant TASE, those with the least fertility will usually compensate with_________________
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largest number of adults to get more eggs out into environment.
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You cannot say HOCT complex if you see TASE because there are many ruminant TASE parasite eggs that it could be. These parasites have a ___________ and have a ___________ reproductive style.
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DIRECT
oviparous |
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All of the parasites involved in the HOCT complex produce the same general signs:
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Called- "ADR, Ain't doin right"
-failure to gain weight -appetite loss -poor hair coat |
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Haemonchus contortus is also known as the
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Barber pole worm due to its coloring
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Haemonchus contortus has no IH and its final host are ___________
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ruminants, primarily sheep
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The site of infestation for for Haemonchus contortus is the
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Abomasum
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Haemonchus contortus pathogenesis involves:
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Bottle Jaw appearance
Anemia-can literally bleed them out |
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Treatment for ruminant TASE is what meds?
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Levamisole
Ivermectin |
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All roundworms are Nematodes and all Ruminant TASE all have _________ PHS
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No
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Haemonchus contortus is distributed WW but is more common __________
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in warmer climates
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Pathogenesis of Haemonchus contortus depends on the hosts ability to ward off the parasites. The pathogenesis involves:
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*Blood loss anemia
*If Packed cell volume (PCV) is less than 15%, host may experience shortness of the breath and extreme weakness-grave prognosis **Anemia can be fatal in lambs and older sheep under sheep *Most life threatening in sheep in July, Aug, Sept and can literally bleed them out *may see growth and repro problems *Pale Mucous membranes *Bottle jaw-edema of submandibular tissue *Feces will be formed unless there is a concurrent infestation of Cooperia and Trichostrongylus * |
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Ostertagia spp. is also known as the
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Brown stomach worm
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Ruminant TASE all have _______ IH
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no
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Ostertagia ostertagi is HSS for
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cattle
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Ostertagia circumcinta is HSS for
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sheep
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The site of infestation for Ostertagia spp.is
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lumen of abomasum
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Pathogenesis for Ostertagia spp.involves:
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*"Morocco leather" appearing abomasum
*Local necrosis *scouring *dyspepsia *death of young cattle |
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Ostertagia spp cause 2 types of disease-Type I and Type II. What are the differences?
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Type -Summer Ostertagiosis- involves young pastured cattle eating AND getting it in the spring.
Type II- Winter Ostertagiosis- seen in winter to early spring due to eating ova in the fall. This delayed development is due to the premunition of the L4 larvae. |
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Ostertagia spp is the most important parasite of young cattle due to its pathogenesis and ______________is key to preventing.
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_Strategic deworming
*cows following calving *cows after calves are weaned *young calves midsummer at weaning -Rotate pastures after deworming to allow ova to die *yearlings in spring or fall |
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In regards to the life cycle of Ostertagia, ova (may be larvated) are passed in the feces and become L3 infectives in the _________
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soil and are then eaten by host--
**very adapted to cold weather |
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Cooperia spp.is also known as the
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Cattle Bankrupt worm
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Treatment for Ostertagia spp is limited to 2 meds, ________________ & __________ because these are the only 2 that work on both arrested larvae and adults.
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Ivermectin
Doramectin |
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Cooperia spp pathogenesis involves:
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Diarrhea
Anorexia Depressed Growth ADR Emaciation |
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Treatment for Cooperia spp. is
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Ivermectin
Fenbendezole |
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Cooperia spp. site of infestation is
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the small intestines
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Cooperia spp have 3 species that we need to pay particular attention to and they are:
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punctata
curticei oncophora *sheep have and additional 5 |
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Cooperia spp. is HSP for
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cattle, sheep and goats
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In reference to distribution, Cooperia spp are the _____________common genera affecting ruminants WW.
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Most
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Life cycle involves the ova maturing in the soil to L3, is ingested by host which then travel to
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the small intestine and molt to L4, L5 and adult
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Ova of Cooperia can survive in winter in the soil and will be seen in the feces and adults will only be seen
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during a necropsy in the small intestine
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Trichostrongylus spp is also known as the
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Black scour worm
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Trichostrongylus spp. is HSP for
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Cattle and sheep
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Trichstrongylus spp. has 3 species we are concerned with and they are
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axei
vitrinus colubriformis |
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Trichostrongylus spp. site of infestation is
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the abomasum, occasionally duodenum
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Pathogenesis for the Trichostrongylus spp. is :
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Nothing for small infestations
Large infestations: bloody scours, green black scours |
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Treatment for Trichostrongylus spp. is
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Fenbendazole
Doramectin |
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The lifecycle of the Trichostrongylus spp. is :
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Ova in feces
L3 infectives in soil, which can survive winter ingestion by next host molt to L4, L5 and adult |
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Because these are blood feeders, like most of the Ruminant TASE, large infestations lead to bloody scours and in sheep this can lead to formation of _____________________________
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scours forming dingle berries on hind end that become infested with maggots. The staining of wool due to this scouring will render the wool useless.
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Diagnosis of Trichostrongylus spp. involves:
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Ova in feces
larvae culture Adults in abomasum upon slaughter |
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Parasite is typically non-pathogenic in a healthy non-stressed animal in a quality environment.To keep outbreaks to a minumum, it helps to
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Use strategic deworming and rorate pastures
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Nematodirus spp. is NOT
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A TASE
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Nematodirus spp. is HSP for
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ruminants
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Nematodirus spp. site of infestation is
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small intestines
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Pathogenesis for Nematodirus spp is
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ADR
Atrophy of villi of the small intestines |
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Treatment for Nematodirus spp is
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Doramectin
Benzimidazol |
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Nematodirus spp is not a TASE and tends to be __________ shaped and is the LARGEST of the ruminant strongyle ova
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football
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Nematodirus spp. life cycle involves ova in feces, which
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Molt to L3 infectives which stay in the ova shell and can survive year round.
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Nematodirus spp is
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ova in the feces
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Oesophagostomum spp. is also known as the
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Nodular worm
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Oesophagostomum spp. is HSP for
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Cattle and sheep
Oesophagostomum columbianum-cattle Oesophagostomum dentatum- sheep |
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Oesophagostomum spp. site of infestation is
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small intestines
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Pathogenesis for the Oesophagostomum spp includes:
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Occasiona intusussception
acute enteritis watery dark diarrhea weakness emaciation |
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Treatment for Oesophagostomum spp. is
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Ivermectin
Fenbendazole |
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The life cycle of the Oesophagostomum spp. involves the typical ova in feces which become L3 infectives in the soil which the host ingests typically from a blade of grass with dew. Upon ingestion,
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they arrive in the LARGE INTESTINE where they form nodules filled with pus and a larvae.
-The larva become encapsulated by a reactive inflammation by a previously sensitized host. They mature to L4 here then migrate to SMALL INTESTINE to become adults |
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Due to the large intestine being the site of infestation for Oesophagostomum spp., it is spoiled for use as sausage casings which is of
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economic importance
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Stephanarus dentatus is also known as the
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Swine kidney worm
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Stephanurus dentatus is HSS for
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pigs
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Site of infestation for Stephanurus dentatus is
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larvae: all over
Adults: Renal pelvis |
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Pathogenesis for Stephanurus dentatus involves:
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*Extensive liver damage leading to emaciation and death
*posterior paralysis if larvae migrate to ectopic sites such as spinal cord *kidney and ureter damage *condemned meat |
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The life cycle of the Stephanurus dentatus involves ova being passed in the
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URINE
Earthworms then ingest L1 where they molt to L3 OR FH ingests L3 L3 infectives penetrate the skin *Once FH is reached, larvae migrate to liver where they spend 4-9 months migrating around *Larvae then migrate to the kidneys and ureters where they mature to adult stage |
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Diagnosis of Stephanurus dentatus involves
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Ova in urine--->Urinalysis of concentrated urine-usually early morning
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Treatment for Stephanurus dentatus involves the use of
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Ivermectin for adults and larvae
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Pigs do NOT get______________so TASE cannot be anything else except Stephanurus dentatus
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tapes or hookworms
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When doing a Urine Sedimentation technique:
*You use at least ____ of urine *Use a fixed head centrifuge, although a swinging head will work *Sediment/button will migrate to the bottom *Rest of the liquid at the top is called the __________ *The supernatent is poured off and discarded *The sediment is resuspended and using a pipette, a drop is put on a slide with a coverslip to be examined at 10x and ID on |
1cc
supernatent 40x |
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Equine strongyles have 2 sizes____________ but the same meds kill them both.
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large and small
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Large strongyles are ___________ pathogenic than small.
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more
*they are blood feeders, so larger worms suck more blood |
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Strongyles are facultative parasites and only the _____________is pathogenic.
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female
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All domestic animals AND _______can get strongyles
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humans
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Strongyloides westeri is also known as the ________________and its ova are__________________
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Intestinal threadworm, one of the more common of the small strongyles group
small strongyles ova |
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Strongylus westeri site of infestation is the
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cecum and right ventral colon
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Pathogenesis for the Strongylus westeri involves
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Arrested larvae can cause diarrhea, hypoalbuminemia, granulomatous colitis
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Treatment for both types of Equine Strongyles involves
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Ivermectin
Moxidectin |
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Life cycle for Small strongyles/Strongyloides westeri involves ova in feces molting to L3 infectives in the environment, where they can live for a long time. Once ingested___________
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they molt to L4, L5 then adults but may go into hyperbiotic stage at L4
Adults live in the mucosa of the cecum and right ventral colon |
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Strongylus vulgaris is a type of ____________ and is also known as the_______________ and is also of great importance in the horse.
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Large strongyles
Equine bloodworm |
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Site of infestation for the Strongylus vulgaris is
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Larvae: walls of intestines, cranial mesenteric artery
Adults: cecum |
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Pathogenesis for the Strongylus vulgaris involves:
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Nodular formation in intestines from L4 migration
Thrombi-stationary clot Emboli-moving clot Gangrene of gut Fluctuating fever, depression, inappetance, constipation Colic |
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Treatment for Strongylus vulgaris involves the use of
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Ivermectin
Moxidectin |
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Life cycle for the Strongylus vulgaris/large strongyles is the typical ova in feces which molt to L3 in the environment which are very resistant. The L3 are ingested by the host then the L4:
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*Penetrate the wall of the cecum into the submucosa
*Migrate via arteriloles into the cranial mesentaric artery ***can get off course and end up in the aorta but will not reach adulthood if they do *In the mesenteric artery the grow and can eventually occlude it *Can get released into the tissues where they will encapsulate and enter the dormant hypobiotic stage * When released from cysts, will migrate back to the colon |
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What are homogonic larvae?
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Larvae characterized by a course of development in which one generation of parasites immediately succeeds another. (parasite to parasite)
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What are heterogonic larvae?
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A course of development in which a generation of parasites is succeeded by a free-living generation and is advantageous to the parasite because it allows reproduction for one or more generations in the absence of a host. (parasite to free living worm)
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Describe the unique life cycle of the Equine Strongyles spp:
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*FEMALE parasite releases eggs
*TASE in feces *Become homogonic larvae in the environement *Molt to L3 infectives-they are unisex *They then stay in envirnoment as free-living males or females OR penetrate the skin of the host *Free living generation of males and females breed , producing heterogonic offspring with their own repro organs *This new generation matures to L3 infectives and start over by skin penetration in host or staying in environment and becoming free living adults. |
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Once the Equine Strongyles spp infests the host, this obligate generation will go through L4 and L5 in the host and the female host reproduces on its own by__________
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*mitotic parthogenesis--ability of females to reproduce w/o males but is NOT monicious repro
* Where they do the L4 and L5 stages determines if the they are free living or obligate |
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Qualitative methods of fecal analysis are:
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Gross, direct, float
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Quantitative methods indicate the ____________ of ova or cysts, which can be more important because a larger infestation is of greater concern.
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NUMBER
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Quantitative methods measure the degree of infestation but is usually only done in
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research and feedlots
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The technique used with quantitative methods is to:
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*Take a certain known amount of feces
*Use the special devices to count # of eggs *Report EPG (Eggs per gram) |
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2 types of methods used for Quantitative tests discussed in class are:
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McMaster
Stole dilution technique |
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McMaster egg counting chamber device involves putting a known amount of feces-2g- that was weighed out from a known positive sample, then add 28cc of wwater, then
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*Add 1ml of mix and 1ml of sugar solution to test tube
*Using a pipette, fill chambers of counting chamber *Let sit for 10-20 minutes *With a microscope on 10x, count all eggs seen in 1 chamber and multiply by 200 or count both chambers and multiply by 100. |
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Quantitative methods indicate the ____________ of ova or cysts, which can be more important because a larger infestation is of greater concern.
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NUMBER
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Quantitative methods measure the degree of infestation but is usually only done in
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research and feedlots
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The technique used with quantitative methods is to:
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*Take a certain known amount of feces
*Use the special devices to count # of eggs *Report EPG (Eggs per gram) |
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2 types of methods used for Quantitative tests discussed in class are:
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McMaster
Stole dilution technique |
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McMaster egg counting chamber device involves putting a known amount of feces-2g- that was weighed out from a known positive sample, then add 28cc of water, then
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*Add 1ml of mix and 1ml of sugar solution to test tube
*Using a pipette, fill chambers of counting chamber *Let sit for 10-20 minutes *With a microscope on 10x, count all eggs seen in 1 chamber and multiply by 200 or count both chambers and multiply by 100. |
