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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Symbiosis |
Living together, the association between two living organisms |
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Symbiotic Relationships |
Predator-prey Phoresis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism |
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Predator-prey |
Short term relationship |
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Phoresis |
Smaller member of relationship carried around by larger member |
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Mutualism |
Both organisms of the relationship benefit (protozoans in the rumen of the cow) |
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Commensalism |
One member benefits while the other stays neutral |
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Parasitism |
An association between two organisms of different species in which one member (the parasite) lives on or within the other (the host) |
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Ectoparasite |
External parasite |
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Endoparaside |
Parasite lives within the body |
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Aberrant parasite |
A parasite that wanders from its usual site of infection into an organ or location in which it does not ordinarily live (Cuterebra) |
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Incidental parasite |
A parasite infecting a host in which it normally would NOT live (heartworm in a human) |
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Facultative parasite |
A nonparasitic organism that becomes parasitic in certain hosts (a type of free-living nematode that can cause a parasitic skin infection) |
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Obligatory parasite |
A parasite that must lead a parasitic live, it is incapable of a free-living existence (most of the parasites that affect domestic animals) |
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Periodic parasite |
Doesn't live on or in - just uses host periodically - for nourishment (mosquito) |
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Pseudoparasite |
Something mistaken for a parasite (pollen in fecal float) |
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Life Cycle |
The development of a parasite through its various life stages |
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Definitive host |
The host that harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite (Dog for heartworm) |
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Intermediate host |
The host that harbors the larval, juvenile, immature, or asexual stages of the parasite (Mosquito for heartworm) |
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Dirofilaria immitis |
Heartworm in dogs |
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Transport (Paratenic) Hosts |
Intermediate hosts that hold the parasite without any further development |
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Encysted |
The parasite is arrested |
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Reservoir host |
A vertebrate hose in which a parasite or disease occurs in nature and is a source of infection for human and domesticated animals |
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Homoxenous/Monoxenous |
Parasite that will infect only ONE type of host |
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Euryxenous |
Parasite with a broad host range (multiple) |
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Zoonosis |
Any disease or parasite that is transmissible from animals to humans |
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Linnaean Classification |
Kingdom (keep) Phylum (pond) Class (clean) Order (or) Family (froggy) Genus (gets) species (Sick) |
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Trematodes = |
flukes |
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What are monogenic flukes? |
Ectoparasites of fish, amphibians, & reptiles |
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What are digenentic flukes? |
Important parasites of both large & small animals -Primarily endoparasites of the GI tract |
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Cestodes= |
tapeworms |
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What are true tapeworms and where are they found? |
True tapeworms are ribbonlike flatworms found in the GI tract of definitive hosts - Eggs/packet of eggs may be seen on animal/fecal testing |
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Where can larval stages of tapeworms be found? |
A variety of extraintestinal tissue sites in domestic animals and may cause significant pathology |
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Pseudotapeworms |
Ribbonlike flatworms found in the GI tract of definitive hosts also -Eggs may be seen on fecal float (operculated) |
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Nematodes = |
Roundworms |
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What are nematodes? |
Elongated, unsegmented, cylindric worms (round in cross section) Most numerous, complex, and variable amongst the worm parasites of dometsic animals |
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Acanthocephalans = |
Thorny headed worms (uncommon) |
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Where are acanthocephalans found? |
Located in the GI tract Parasites of marine & freshwater fishe and aquatic birds |
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Hirudineans = |
Leeches |
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What are hirudineans? |
Blood feeding ectoparasites of both wild and domestic animals Commonly found in fresh water |
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Arthropods = |
Animals with jointed leds |
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What is included in the arthropod group? |
Crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, insects, mites, ticks, scorpions, and spiders |
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Why are arthropods important to vet medicine? |
May serve as causal agents Intermediate hosts for certain helminths (worms) and protozoans May severe as vectors for bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, and chlamydial agents May produce toxins and venomous substances |
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Protozoa = |
Single celled organisms |
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Prepatent period |
Initial infection to detection Host, definitive host, intermediate host |
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Roundworms |
Toxocara canis Toxascaris leonina |
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Hookworms |
Ancylostoma caninum Uncinaria stenocephala |
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Whipworms |
Trichuris vulpis |
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Cystoisospora species |
Coccidians |
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Cestodes |
Taenia, Dipylidium |
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Trichostronglye-type eggs are seen in |
Cattle and ruminants (form of nematodes) |
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Horse roundworms |
Parascaris equorum |
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Stronglye-type eggs are seen in |
Horses (form of nematodes) |
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Pinworms |
Oxyuris equi |
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What is the specific gravity of MOST parasite eggs? |
1.100 - 1.200 g/ml |
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What is specific gravity? |
Refers to the weight of an abject as compared to water - SG of H2O is 1.000 |
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What is the SG of MOST floatation media? |
1.200-1.250 g/ml |
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What is the most common fecal floatation solution used in vet hospitals? |
Sodium nitrate solution (Fecasol) |
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What are some fecal floation solutions? |
Sheathers (Sugar) solution Zinc sulfate solution Magnesium sulfate Sodium Chloride (least desirable) |
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Sugar Solution |
Inexpensive, does NOT crystallize or distort eggs, long shelf life, sticky |
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Zinc sulfate Solution |
More commonly used in diagnostic labs, flats protozoal organisms with the least amount of distortion (SG 1.18) |
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What is the best solution for recovering Giardia cysts? |
Zinc sulfate solution due to SG of 1018 |
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When is it best to use a decal sedimentation procedure? |
When suspected parasite ova are too large to be recovered with standard float Ex: fluke ova |
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Quantitative Exam |
Used for large animal Determine the NUMBER of eggs & oocysts present in each gram of feces |
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Cellophane tape prep |
Used to recover ova of Osyuris equi adult female pinworms migrate out of the anus and deposit their eggs on the skin around the anus Very itchy and irritating With cellophane tape around a tongue depressor, the tape is pressed against the anal area The tape is then removed from the depressor and placed onto the microscope slide with a drop of water on it Examine for pinworm eggs |
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What species do pinworms use? |
Omnivores & Herbivores NEVER carnivores |