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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Symbiosis

Living together, the association between two living organisms

Symbiotic Relationships

Predator-prey


Phoresis


Mutualism


Commensalism


Parasitism

Predator-prey

Short term relationship

Phoresis

Smaller member of relationship carried around by larger member

Mutualism

Both organisms of the relationship benefit (protozoans in the rumen of the cow)

Commensalism

One member benefits while the other stays neutral

Parasitism

An association between two organisms of different species in which one member (the parasite) lives on or within the other (the host)

Ectoparasite

External parasite

Endoparaside

Parasite lives within the body

Aberrant parasite

A parasite that wanders from its usual site of infection into an organ or location in which it does not ordinarily live (Cuterebra)

Incidental parasite

A parasite infecting a host in which it normally would NOT live (heartworm in a human)

Facultative parasite

A nonparasitic organism that becomes parasitic in certain hosts (a type of free-living nematode that can cause a parasitic skin infection)

Obligatory parasite

A parasite that must lead a parasitic live, it is incapable of a free-living existence (most of the parasites that affect domestic animals)

Periodic parasite

Doesn't live on or in - just uses host periodically - for nourishment (mosquito)

Pseudoparasite

Something mistaken for a parasite (pollen in fecal float)

Life Cycle

The development of a parasite through its various life stages

Definitive host

The host that harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite


(Dog for heartworm)

Intermediate host

The host that harbors the larval, juvenile, immature, or asexual stages of the parasite


(Mosquito for heartworm)



Dirofilaria immitis

Heartworm in dogs

Transport (Paratenic) Hosts

Intermediate hosts that hold the parasite without any further development

Encysted

The parasite is arrested

Reservoir host

A vertebrate hose in which a parasite or disease occurs in nature and is a source of infection for human and domesticated animals

Homoxenous/Monoxenous

Parasite that will infect only ONE type of host

Euryxenous

Parasite with a broad host range (multiple)

Zoonosis

Any disease or parasite that is transmissible from animals to humans

Linnaean Classification

Kingdom (keep)


Phylum (pond)


Class (clean)


Order (or)


Family (froggy)


Genus (gets)


species (Sick)

Trematodes =

flukes

What are monogenic flukes?

Ectoparasites of fish, amphibians, & reptiles

What are digenentic flukes?

Important parasites of both large & small animals


-Primarily endoparasites of the GI tract

Cestodes=

tapeworms

What are true tapeworms and where are they found?

True tapeworms are ribbonlike flatworms found in the GI tract of definitive hosts


- Eggs/packet of eggs may be seen on animal/fecal testing

Where can larval stages of tapeworms be found?

A variety of extraintestinal tissue sites in domestic animals and may cause significant pathology

Pseudotapeworms

Ribbonlike flatworms found in the GI tract of definitive hosts also


-Eggs may be seen on fecal float (operculated)

Nematodes =

Roundworms

What are nematodes?

Elongated, unsegmented, cylindric worms (round in cross section)


Most numerous, complex, and variable amongst the worm parasites of dometsic animals

Acanthocephalans =

Thorny headed worms


(uncommon)

Where are acanthocephalans found?

Located in the GI tract


Parasites of marine & freshwater fishe and aquatic birds

Hirudineans =

Leeches

What are hirudineans?

Blood feeding ectoparasites of both wild and domestic animals


Commonly found in fresh water

Arthropods =

Animals with jointed leds

What is included in the arthropod group?

Crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, insects, mites, ticks, scorpions, and spiders

Why are arthropods important to vet medicine?

May serve as causal agents


Intermediate hosts for certain helminths (worms) and protozoans


May severe as vectors for bacteria, viruses, spirochetes, and chlamydial agents


May produce toxins and venomous substances

Protozoa =

Single celled organisms

Prepatent period

Initial infection to detection


Host, definitive host, intermediate host

Roundworms

Toxocara canis


Toxascaris leonina



Hookworms

Ancylostoma caninum


Uncinaria stenocephala

Whipworms

Trichuris vulpis

Cystoisospora species

Coccidians

Cestodes

Taenia, Dipylidium

Trichostronglye-type eggs are seen in

Cattle and ruminants (form of nematodes)

Horse roundworms

Parascaris equorum

Stronglye-type eggs are seen in

Horses (form of nematodes)

Pinworms

Oxyuris equi

What is the specific gravity of MOST parasite eggs?

1.100 - 1.200 g/ml

What is specific gravity?

Refers to the weight of an abject as compared to water


- SG of H2O is 1.000

What is the SG of MOST floatation media?

1.200-1.250 g/ml

What is the most common fecal floatation solution used in vet hospitals?

Sodium nitrate solution (Fecasol)

What are some fecal floation solutions?

Sheathers (Sugar) solution


Zinc sulfate solution


Magnesium sulfate


Sodium Chloride (least desirable)

Sugar Solution

Inexpensive, does NOT crystallize or distort eggs, long shelf life, sticky

Zinc sulfate Solution

More commonly used in diagnostic labs, flats protozoal organisms with the least amount of distortion


(SG 1.18)

What is the best solution for recovering Giardia cysts?

Zinc sulfate solution due to SG of 1018

When is it best to use a decal sedimentation procedure?

When suspected parasite ova are too large to be recovered with standard float


Ex: fluke ova

Quantitative Exam

Used for large animal


Determine the NUMBER of eggs & oocysts present in each gram of feces

Cellophane tape prep

Used to recover ova of Osyuris equi


adult female pinworms migrate out of the anus and deposit their eggs on the skin around the anus


Very itchy and irritating


With cellophane tape around a tongue depressor, the tape is pressed against the anal area


The tape is then removed from the depressor and placed onto the microscope slide with a drop of water on it


Examine for pinworm eggs

What species do pinworms use?

Omnivores & Herbivores


NEVER carnivores