Parasitology- Acarina- Ticks

Front 1

Primary Hosts:
All mammals and birds

You can find me all over the body but especially the axilla, inguinal region, face, and ears

characteristic: spur coxa I that overlaps with coxa II.

Back 1

Genus: Ixodes
Species: ricinus
(castor) Bean tick or sheep tick

3 host tick- mouse, sheep, cow
year1: larva
year2: nymph
year3: adult

Hint 1

The engorged female is light grey, bean shaped, and has 4 pairs of legs. The Ixodes genus are inornate ticks without festooons or eyes. The palps are long and the ventral surface of the male is almost entirely covered with a series of plates. An anal groove is present anterior to the anus. The tarsi are tapered. The posterior culeinal angle of the first coxa bears a spur which overlaps the second coxa.

Front 2

Knowledge of general structure of Ticks

Back 2

- Anal opening subterminal
- Genital opening- coxa -4th pair legs
- haller's organ on 1st tarsus (humidity/olfactory receptor)
-

Front 3

Discuss the epidemiology of
Ixodes ricinus in Ireland.
SPRING feeders

* overwinter are they engorged?
* what temp does activity begin?

Back 3

march-June

eggs hatch in autumn and larvae and nymphs moult autumn.

*winter= unengorged
* temp. >10c

Hint 3

Ireland, south west England, Wales west scotland- BOTH occur (spring and fall feeders)

elsewhere in UK, only spring feeders

Front 4

Discuss the epidemiology of
Ixodes ricinus in Ireland.
AUTUMN feeders

-*overwinter are they engorged?
* what temp does activity cease?

Back 4

August - November

eggs do not hatch until the following summer. Larvae and nymphs are in diapause over whole period.

* winter: engorged and do not moult until summer
* activity ceases < 10 c

Front 5

Boophilus microplus is an example of a ____ (#) host tick.

Back 5

1 host tick

BOO YA! (2 molts)

Hint 5

drop off an doviposit
Hatch
land on cow (2 molts)
more or less continuous

Front 6

Rhipicephalus evertsi is an example of a ____ (#) host tick.

Back 6

2 host tick

1st year:
2nd year:

Front 7

Ixodes ricinus has how many hosts?

Back 7

3 hosts!

Front 8

what posture do ticks adapt when host seeking?

Back 8

Questing

Front 9

Are Aergasidae hard or soft ticks?

Back 9

SOFT

Front 10

Are Ixodidae hard or soft ticks?

Back 10

HARD

Front 11

True or False?
Soft ticks (Argasidae) have no scutum, no visible mouthparts dorsally and no swell as ofter as hard ticks

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

True or False:

Argasidae (soft ticks) have stigmata between coae III & IV

Back 12

TRUE

Front 13

True or False:
Hard ticks have:
Scutum- hard chitinous covring
prominent mouthparts
festoons (notches)
ornate (enamel like coloured patches)

Back 13

TRUE

Front 14

True/false:
hard ticks have their stigmata anterior to coxae IV

Back 14

false: Posterior

ps. stigmata (respiratory opening)

Front 15

what is the difference in eyes between soft ticks and hard ticks?

Back 15

soft: supra-coxal fold (only 1 species)
hard: on each side of scutal margin

Hint 15

eyes:
only ornithodoros savignyi (soft)
not in haemophysalis and Ixodes (hard)

Front 16

Tick mouthparts:

Back 16

Gnathosoma- capitulum
pair of pedipalps- sensory
chelicerae- pierce skin
hypostome- toothed (medial and ventral)

Hint 16

Feeding:
pedipalps grasp skin
chelicerae cut through skin
hypostome inserted in wound
anchor with teeth. Dorsal groove (saliva and blood)

Front 17

Discuss Ixodes ricinus
Habitat and humidity requirement?

Back 17

survival of I. ricinus is dermined by:

habitat: water requirements
humidity: >90% or at least excess 80%

Front 18

where can you find Ixodes spp of rough grazing (presence of a mat with high moisture)?

Back 18

Britian

Front 19

where can you find Ixodes spp of woodlands?

Back 19

mainland Europe

Front 20

where can you find Ixodes spp of high water table- survivor on arable ground and around hedgerows

Back 20

Ireland

Front 21

True or false:

1. Ixodes ricinus has festoons and eyes

2. anal groove present anterior to the anus

Back 21

1. FALSE (no festoons or eyes)

2. True (my anal groove is anterior to the anus)

Front 22

Name the three important species of Ixodes in Europe

Back 22

ricinus- castor bean
canisuga- British dog
hexagonus- hedgehog

Front 23

Three host tick life cycle:
Host 1: mouse, small rodents, birds

year 1

Back 23

- larva feed on host 1 and fully fed larva drop to the ground and moult to nymph and attach to host 2

Hint 23

A female tick feeds for 14 days after insemination, drops to the ground and lays several thosand eggs in sheltered location.

Eggs hatch in summer and the larvae feed the following year for about 6 days, drop off and moult to nymphs and again feed for a few days the next year. They then drop off, moult to adults and find a host in year 3. Thus while the total feeding time is only 26-28 days, it takes 3 years to complete entire life cycle.

Front 24

Three host tick life cycle:
Host 2:
year 2

Back 24

- nymph moults to adult and female attaches and feeds on host 3

Hint 24

A female tick feeds for 14 days after insemination, drops to the ground and lays several thosand eggs in sheltered location.

Eggs hatch in summer and the larvae feed the following year for about 6 days, drop off and moult to nymphs and again feed for a few days the next year. They then drop off, moult to adults and find a host in year 3. Thus while the total feeding time is only 26-28 days, it takes 3 years to complete entire life cycle.

Front 25

Three host tick life cycle:
Host 3:
year 3

Back 25

- fully fed female drops from host to ground and lays eggs

Hint 25

A female tick feeds for 14 days after insemination, drops to the ground and lays several thosand eggs in sheltered location.

Eggs hatch in summer and the larvae feed the following year for about 6 days, drop off and moult to nymphs and again feed for a few days the next year. They then drop off, moult to adults and find a host in year 3. Thus while the total feeding time is only 26-28 days, it takes 3 years to complete entire life cycle.

Front 26

Three host tick life cycle: how many days does the female feed after insemination?

Back 26

14 days

Front 27

Total feeding time in three host tick life cycle?

Back 27

26-28 days

Front 28

methods of control for Ixodes ricinus in Ireland.

Back 28

- acaricide (hand spraying) when tick observed in cattle.
- Sheep dipped in spring
-pasture improvement (improve drainage)
- pasture spelling
- enhanced resistance to host
-immunoprophylaxis

Front 29

Primary Hosts
Dog, sheep, horse and mole

secondary Host
fox

Back 29

Genus: Ixodes
Species: canisuga
British dog tick or Fox tick

Hint 29

differentiated from I. ricinus by the presence of humped tarsi and the absence of a spur on the posterior internal angle of the first coxa.

Front 30

Ixodes canisuga
- details to know

* ID
* clinical relevance
* host- parasite interaction

Back 30

- absense of spur on posterior angle of first coxa.

- occasionally problem in kennels
- also occur on cats

- causes pruritus, hair loss and anaemia

Front 31

Primary Hosts
Dogs, ferrets and weasels

humped tarsi and spur on first coxa does not overlap the second

Back 31

Genus: Ixodes
Species: hexagonas
Hedgehog tick (also dogs and cats)

Front 32

Primary Hosts:
Domestic and wild mammals

- ornate 3-5 mm ornate 3 host tick.
- palps and mouthparts short w/ rectangular basis capituli.
- festoon and eyes present
- anal groove posterior to anus
- coxa increases in size from I- IV

Back 32

Genus: Dermacentor
Sheep tick or marsh tick

Hint 32

Dermacentor reticulatus- NOT IN IRELAND (wooded area)

Dermacentor Marginatus- w. Europe (forest) ireland?

Front 33

Primary Hosts: Poultry
Secondary Hosts: Humans

Where found: Under the wings

Back 33

Genus: Argas
species: persicus
Soft tick or fowl tick

Hint 33

It is cosmopolitan in disribution and has only been recorded from Britain on a few occasions.
Ireland.. only a few occasions

Argos are oval in shape, narrower anteriorly then posteriorly. The scutum is absent and the mouthparts are not visible from the dorsal aspect. There is no sexual dimorphism and they are round in shape.

Front 34

Important Genera in Family Argasidae

Back 34

Argas persicus (fowl)
Otobius spp (spinose ear tick) dogs
Ornithodoras spp (sand tampans)

Front 35

Who am I:
small 3 mm
3 host tick
(larvae and nymoh: small mammals and birds)
(adults: larger mammals, cattle and sheep)

habitat: humid, EURASIA

Back 35

Haemaphysalis punctata

Front 36

What tick transmits BABESIA?

and tick paralysis

(3 host tick)

Back 36

Haemaphysalis punctata

Hint 36

S. England and Wales
b. major (cattle)
b. motasi (sheep)

other Europe area
b. bigemina (cattle)
b. motasi (sheep)
anaplasma (cattle)

Front 37

Who is the Blue tick?

How many hosts?

Back 37

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)

One host- BOO YA

Front 38

Blue tick is a vector for which 2 Babesia species and one other species?

Back 38

babesia bigemina
babesia bovis
Anaplasma marginale

Front 39

Who am I?

very large
3- host tick
tropic/subtropic Africa (1 species temperate N. america)
highly ornate- long banded legs
both eyes and festoons present
long mouthparts (deep bites)

Back 39

Amblomma

Hint 39

Ehrlichia ruminantium and Q fever?

wounds
damage hides
myasis

Front 40

Who am I?

2 host tick
minor importance in temerate climates
yellow and red bands on the legs
eyes and festoons present
long mouth parts

Back 40

Hyalomma

Hint 40

Babesia ovis,
Crimean congo haemorrhagic fever
Q fever

* wounds
- 2 bacterial
- damage hides
-myiasis

Front 41

Amblyomma and Hyalomma are vectors of various diseases.

name 3

Back 41

1. Ehrlichia ruminantium-Amblymomma

2. Q fever- Hyalomma

3. Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever- Hyalomma

Front 42

which tick= VECTORS
Babesia divergens (cattle)
- redwater

Louping ill virus ( sheep)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum (sheep and cattle)
- tick borne fever

staphyloccous aureus (young lambs)
- Tick pyaemia

Borrelia burgdorferi (man, dogs)
- Lyme disease

Back 42

Ixodes ricinus

Front 43

which tick= VECTORS

Borrelia burgdorferi?

Back 43

Ixodes hexagonas
Ixodes canisuga
Ixodes ricinus

Front 44

which tick= VECTORS

babesia (dogs, horses, cattle sheep)

Theileria (sheep and horses)

Anaplasmosis (sheep)

Q- fever

Back 44

Dermacentor reticulatus

Hint 44

NB: transtadial only in Theileria

Front 45

which tick= VECTORS
Borrelia anserina- fowl spirochetosis

aegyptianella pullorum (rickettsial infection)

Back 45

Argas percicus

Front 46

Name the control method advised for 3 host ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)

Back 46

Avermectins & Milbemycin

Front 47

What chemical is used to treat ticks?

Back 47

Acaricides