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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Monopisthocotylea Sp. Entobdella soleae |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Sole |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda Subclass: Aspidogastrea Sp. Aspidogaster conchicola |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Freshwater clams |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Digenea "flukes" Order: Strigeatoida Family: Diplostomatidae Superfamily: Schistosomatidae Sp. S. haematobium |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Bulinus, Physopsis)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Human |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Digenea "flukes" Order: Strigeatoida Family: Diplostomatidae Superfamily: Schistosomatidae Sp. S. japonicum |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Oncomelania)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Human |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Digenea "flukes" Order: Strigeatoida Family: Diplostomatidae Superfamily: Schistosomatidae Sp. S. mekongi |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Neotricula)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Human |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Digenea "flukes" Order: Strigeatoida Family: Diplostomatidae Superfamily: Schistosomatidae Sp. S. mansoni |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Biomphalaria)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Humans |
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Schistosomatidae Pathology
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-Initially, 1-10 wks: rash; fever; bronchitis
-2 1/2 mos-years: changes in intestinal/urinary bladder tissues -major pathology associated w/ eggs (eggs get trapped in body) -liver & bladder granulomas & inflammation -cirrhosis-like -s. mansoni & s. japoni - fluid build-up in abdomen; enlarged liver & spleen -s. hem - bladder disease & cancer -s. japoni - ~9% have brain involvement --- most potentially pathogenic |
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Schistosomatidae Epidemiology
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-Human waste in water w/ snails
-children most susceptible; fishermen, farmers |
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Schistosomatidae Diagnosis & Treatment
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-Eggs in feces/urine
-chronic infections - few eggs shed -intradermal test --- inject parasite Ag into skin, "wheal," patient will always show (+) result -circumoral precipitation test --- patient serum + egg Ag, precipitate forms -species specific -(-) result 8 mos after no viable eggs, so can confirm if patient is cured -praziquantel - treatment |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea Subclass: Digenea "flukes" Order: Strigeatoida Family: Diplostomatidae Superfamily: Schistosomatidae Sp. Trichobilharzia |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Stagnicola)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Bird (merganzers) |
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Trichobilharzia Pathology
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"Swimmers itch"
-cercariae penetrate human skin -parasites die --- inflammation, rash |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Echinostomatida Family: Fasciolidae Sp. Fasciola hepatica |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Stagnicola, Fossaria)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: sheep, cattle, humans |
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Fasciola Hepatica Epidemiology
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-Ingestion of aquatic vegetation
-Human infections in Africa, S. Amer, Europe -Endemic in US but few/no human infections |
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Fasciola Hepatica Pathology
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-Mechanical damage as metacercaria penetrate liver
-Inflammation and hyperplasia (thickening) -"Halzoun" - ingest raw liver, attach to pharynx |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Echinostomatida Family: Fasciolidae Sp. Fasciola gigantica |
1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: sheep, cattle, humans Epid: Africa, Hawaii |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Echinostomatida Family: Fasciolidae Sp. Fasciola jacksoni |
1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: asian elephants |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Echinostomatida Family: Fasciolidae Sp. Fascioloides magna |
1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Deer & Elk Epid: N. Amer, Europe |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Echinostomatida Family: Fasciolidae Sp. Fasciolopsis buski |
1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Human Epid: "Orient;" >10 mill. infected Path: Intestine --- not liver |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Plagiorchida Family: Dicrocoelidae Sp. Dicrocoelium Dendriticum |
1st Intermediate host: Land snail (Cionella)
2nd Intermediate host: Brown ants (Formica) Common definitive hosts: Sheep, cattle (humans very rarely) |
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Dicrocoelium Dendriticum Pathology
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-Same as F. hepatica
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Plagiorchida Family: Troglotrematidae - "lung flukes" Sp. Paragonimus westermani - "Human lung fluke" |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Thieridae)
2nd Intermediate host: Freshwater crabs, crayfish Common definitive hosts: Human |
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Paragonimus westermani Epidemiology
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-Raw crustaceans, marinated crabs
-Reservoir hosts: cats, rats, dogs |
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Paragonimus westermani Pathology
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-Lung lesions, cough, brown sputum (can see eggs under microscope)
-Ectopic lesions - heart, brain |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematodae Order: Opis thorchiida Family: Opisthorchiidae Sp. Opisthorchis (Clonorchis) sinensis - "Chinese liver fluke" |
1st Intermediate host: Snail (Bulinus)
2nd Intermediate host: Fish (>100sp.) Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Opisthorchis (Clonorchis) Sinensis Epidemiology
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-Fish farming --- use of human feces to fertilize pond
-Raw fish (smoking, pickling and drying do not kill metacercariae) |
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Opisthorchis (Clonorchis) Sinensis Pathology
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-Bile duct erosion, occlusion
-Gall stones -Liver cancer |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Proteocephallidea Sp. Proteocephalus ambloplites |
1st Intermediate host: Copepod
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Fish, amphibians, reptiles |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Caryophyllidea Sp. Caryophyllaeus laticeps |
1st Intermediate host: Tubifex
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Freshwater fish |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidae Family: Diphyllobothriidae Sp. Diphyllobothrium latum - "broadfish" tapeworm of humans & bears |
1st Intermediate host: Copepod
2nd Intermediate host: Fish (minnow) 3rd Intermediate host: sometimes bigger fish Common definitive hosts: Humans and bears |
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Diphyllobothrium Latum Epidemiology
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-Raw fish
-N. Amer, Europe |
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Diphyllobothrium Latum Pathology
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-Vague/no symptoms ---> intestinal blockage, nausea, diarrhea
-Some humans develop pernicous (damaging) anemia |
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Other pseudophyllideans of humans Pathology
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-If copepods w/ procercoids ingested, pleuroceroids develop in muscle, organs and body cavities
-Commonly caused by Spirometra (def. hosts dogs, cats, racoons) - "Sparganosis" -Continues to grow as larval tapeworm |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Dilepididae Sp. Dipylidium canium |
1st Intermediate host: Larval flea
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs & cats |
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Dipylidium Canium Pathology
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None to mild
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Hymenolepididae Sp. Hymenolepis nana |
1st Intermediate host: Flour beetle (Tribolium)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Mice & rats (humans sometimes) |
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Hymenolepis Nana Pathology
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-Toxic reactions ---> diarrhea, nausea
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Hymenolepididae Sp. Hymenolepis diminuta |
1st Intermediate host: Flour beetle (Tribolium, Tenebrio)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Rats & mice (humans sometimes) |
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Hymenolepis Diminuta Pathology
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-Same as H. nana pathology
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Taenia solium - "pork tapeworm of humans" |
1st Intermediate host: Pig
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Taenia Solium Epidemiology
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-Europe, Mid. East, Mexico, S. Amer.
-Undercooked pork for adults; fecal contamination (eggs) cysticercosis for children -Not found often in U.S. b/c pork well cooked and better sanitation |
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Taenia Solium Pathology
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-Adult worms: no symptoms ---> nausea, diarrhea ---> intest. blockage
-Human ingests eggs (fecally contaminated food, H2O): cysticerci develop in brain - fits, seizures, death ("neurocysticercosis"); cysticerci in muscle - painful nodules; cysticerci in heart - heart failure |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Taenia saginata - "beef tapeworm of humans" |
1st Intermediate host: Cattle
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Taenia Saginata Epidemiology
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-Most common tapeworm in humans
-Rare beef, poor sanitation |
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Taenia Saginata Pathology
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-Adult worms: nausea, diarrhea, blockage ---> no cysticercosis
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Taenia pisiformis |
1st Intermediate host: Rabbits & rodents
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Taenia taeniaformis |
1st Intermediate host: Rabbits & rodents
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Rats |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Taenia multiceps |
1st Intermediate host: Sheep & cattle
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs & wolves (canids) |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Echinococcus granulosus |
1st Intermediate host: Sheep, moose, deer (humans sometimes)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs & wolves (canids) |
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Echinococcus Granulosus Epidemiology
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-"Sylvatic" cycle: moose, elk/wolf
-"Urban" cycle: sheep, dogs w/ human contact -Worldwide distribution, esp. sheep-raising countries |
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Echinococcus Granulosus Pathology
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-If cyst is restricted ---> "pressure necrosis" - blood flow cut off
-If unrestricted growth ---> ~4L of fluid; if leaks, anaphylaxis |
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Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoidea Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Cyclophyllidae Family: Taeniidae Sp. Echinococcus multilocularis |
1st Intermediate host: Rodents
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Fox, coyotes, dogs, cats |
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Echinococcus Multilocularis Epidemiology
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-Primarily sylvatic cycle
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Echinococcus Multilocularis Pathology
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-Infiltrates muscle, nerves
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Phylum Acanthocephala - General Characteristics
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-Thorny-headed worms
-All parasitic -Common in wildlife, rare in humans -Reduction of most systems (bag of reprod. organs) -Male and female separate sexes -No free-living stages -No asexual rerpod. -2 hosts - interm. host is arthropod, adults in intestine of def. host |
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Acanthocephala
Class: Archiacanthocephala Family: Oligacanthorhynchidae Sp. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus |
1st Intermediate host: Beetles
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Pigs |
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Macracanthorhynchus Hirudinaceus Pathology
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-Intestinal necrosis, ulcers, secondary infections
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Rhabditida Superfamily: Rhabdiasoidea Sp. Strongyloides stercoralis |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans & primates *"Autoinfection" *Parasitic generation: parthenogenetic; Free-living generation: separate sexes |
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Phylum Nematoda - General Characteristics
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-Roundworms
-Elongate and tapered at both ends -Pseudocoel -Complete digestive tract - actively feed rather than absorb nutrients -No cellular cuticle -Males and females separate sexes -3-layered cuticle -Cuticle may have pores, spines, lateral swellings (alae) -Anterior and posterior nerve ring & sense organs -Molts 4x |
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Strongyloides Stercoralis Epidemiology
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-Contaminated soil
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Strongyloides Stercoralis Pathology
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-Cutaneous - rash
-Pulmonary - bronchitis, cough -Intestinal - erosion of epithelium; septicemia, ulcers, secondary infections |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidea - "Hookworms" Sp. Ancylostoma duodenale |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Phylum Nematoda, Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea - General Characteristics
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-Hookworms
-Male - copulatory bursa -Both male & female have cutting teeth ---> suck blood -Common species: Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale - N & S Amer., Africa, Asia, Europe; humans def. host; A. caninum - dogs & cats def. hosts |
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Phylum Nematoda, Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea - A. caninum, Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale Epidemiology
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-Contaminated soils
-Environmental conditions |
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Phylum Nematoda, Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea - A. caninum, Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale Pathology
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-Cutaneous: itchy rash
-Pulmonary: bronchitis, cough -Intestinal: ulcers, secondary infections, anemia, geophagy (eating dirt) -Cutaneous larval migrans - "creeping eruptions" - if human infected w/ non-human species (A. caninum), parasite penetrates skin and migrates then dies; can see squiggly red lines through skin |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidea - "Hookworms" Sp. Necator americanus |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidea - "Hookworms" Sp. Ancylostoma caninum |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs & cats |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Trichostrongyloidea Sp. Haemonchus contortus |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Cattle & sheep |
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Haemonchus Contortus Pathology
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-Anemia, emaciation
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirudrida Superfamily: Trichostrongyloidea Sp. Ostertagia circumcincta, O. ostertagi, O. trifurcata |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Sheep |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Strongylida Superfamily: Metastrongyloidea Sp. Angiostrongylus |
1st Intermediate host: Snails
2nd Intermediate host: Common definitive host: Humans |
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Angiostongylus Pathology
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-"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis"
-Worms in blood vessels of the brain and meninges: headache, fever, paralysis, coma, death |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Dracunculoidea Sp. Dracunculus medinensis |
1st Intermediate host: Copepod
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Humans |
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Dracunculus Medinensis Epidemiology
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-"Fiery serpent of the Nile"
-Africa, Mid. East, India, Asia, So. Amer. -Ingesting H2O w/ copepods; droughts |
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Dracunculus Medinensis Pathology & Treatment
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-Emergent male - skin will heal but hole remains; secondary bacterial infections
-Non-emergent worms --> die ---> joints ---> arthritis -Treatment: wind worm on a stick (old way); drugs (new way) -Methods to control copepods (filter water w/ nylon mesh) |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Filarioidea Sp. Wuchereria bancrofti |
1st Intermediate host: Mosquito
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Humans |
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Wuchereria Bancrofti Epidemiology
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->77 species of mosquitos
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Wuchereria Bancrofti & Brugia Malayi Pathology
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-Release of microfilariae - pain, fever, males - inguinal area
-Obstructive phase - inhibit lymph flow, fluid accumulates; fibrosis ---> enlargement ---> elephantitis -"lymphatic filariasis" |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Filarioidea Sp. Brugia malayi |
1st Intermediate host: Mosquito
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Humans |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Filarioidea Sp. Onchocerca volvulus |
1st Intermediate host: Black fly (Simulium)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Humans |
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Onchocerca Volvulus Epidemiology
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-Black flies require fast, clean, well oxygenated H2O
-Africa, India, So. & central Amer. |
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Onchocerca Volvulus Pathology & Treatment
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-"River blindness"
-Adults form "onchocercomas" (knots in skin) -Microfilariae (larvae) migrate under skin ---> eye ---> blindness; skin becomes depigmented and loses elasticity -Treatment: Ivermectin |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Filarioidea Sp. Loa loa |
1st Intermediate host: Deer flies (Chrysops)
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Loa Loa Pathology
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-Inflammation
-Adults migrate to eye -Pathology not very severe |
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Nematoda
Class: Secernentea (Phasmidia) Order: Spirurida Superfamily: Filarioidea Sp. Dirofilaria immitis - "dog heartworm" |
1st Intermediate host: Mosquitoes
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Dogs |
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Dirofilaria Immitis Pathology
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-Heart failure, labored breathing, death
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Nematoda
Class: Adenophorea (Aphasmidia) Order: Trichinellida Superfamily: Trichinelloidea Sp. Trichinella spiralis |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Any carnivorous mammal |
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Trichinella Spiralis Epidemiology
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-"Sylvatic cycle" - wild carnivores, humans if eat game
-"Urban cycle" - pigs, rats (humans) |
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Trichinella Spiralis Pathology
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-Intestinal phase: nausea, vomiting
-Migration phase: damage to heart, kidney, eyes, brain, (death); eosinophilia - clinical sign -Muscle penetration phase: labored breathing (death) -Other signs: swollen orbits, red markings on fingernails |
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Nematoda
Class: Adenophorea (Aphasmidia) Order: Trichinellida Superfamily: Trichinelloidea Sp. Trichuris trichiura - "whipworms" |
1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive hosts: Humans |
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Trichuris Trichiura Pathology
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-Intestinal lesions, feed on blood; prolapsed rectum (young children)
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Phylum Platyhelminthes - General Characteristics
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-Dorsoventrally flattened
-Cephalization -No coelom (body cavity) -Free-living species are ciliated; many free-living larval stages are free-living as well -Tegument (syncytium) multi-nucleated layer of tissue |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Monogenea - General Characteristics
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-Primarily ectoparasites of fish
-Mostly microscopic -1 host -Attach by opishaptor posteriorly -Anterior prohaptor - w/ mouth, graze around -Hermaphroditic |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda, Subclass Digenea - "Flukes" - Adult Body Forms
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-Distome - oral & ventral suckers
-Amphistome - oral & posterior suckers -Monostome - oral sucker -Holostome - oral and ventral suckers w/ tapered section -Echinostome - oral sucker surrounded by spines and ventral sucker |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda, Subclass Digenea - "Flukes" - Life Cycle
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Adult fluke ---> Egg --->Miracidium (free-living larva) ---> Sporocyst (larva in snail; germinal sac) ---> Redia (larva in snail) ---> Cercaria (free-living larva) ---> Metacercaria (free-living larva)
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Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda, Subclass Digenea, Order Strigeatoida, Family Schistosomatidae - General Characteristics
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-No 2nd intermediate host
-Adult worms live in blood vessels - "blood flukes" -Separate sexes -Genus Schistosoma 2nd to malaria in terms of human impact -Schistosoma morphology - "in copula" - male and female stay attached in hotdog bun style for years |
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Monocystis lumbrici
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Earthworm |
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Eimeria tenella
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Chicken |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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1st Int. Host: Mouse
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Cat |
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Plasmodium falciparum
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1st Int. Host: Human
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Mosquito |
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Plasmodium vivax
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1st Int. Host: Human
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Mosquito |
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Babesia bigemina
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1st Int. Host: Cattle
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Tick |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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1st Int. Host: Kissing Bug
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
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1st Int. Host: Tsetse Fly
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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1st Int. Host: Tsetse Fly
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Leishmania donovani
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1st Int. Host: Sand Fly
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Giardia Lamblia
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Entameba histolytica
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Entameba coli
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Balantidium coli
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Myxobolus cerebralis
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1st Int. Host: Tubifex Worm
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Salmon |
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Human |
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Ascaris suum
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Pig |
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Toxocara canis
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Dog |
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Toxocara cati
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1st Int. Host: None
2nd Int. Host: None Def. Host: Cat |
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Enterobius vermicularis
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1st Intermediate host: None
2nd Intermediate host: None Common definitive host: Human |
