Parasitology

Front 1

1. Sporozoite
2. Merozoite

Back 1

1. The cell form that infects a new host. Cells infected with sporozoites usually burst, releasing merozoites into the system.
2. Results from asexual reproduction, often bursting the host cell & spreading to new, nearby cells. These are non-motile. These are technically extracellular, between host cells.

Front 2

1. Trophozoite
2. Gametocyte

3. Oocyst (AKA cyst or spore)

Back 2

1. The cell type that results from asexual reproduction, often bursting the host cell & spreading to new, nearby cells. These are non-motile. These are technically extracellular, between host cells.

2. Some trophozoites develop into gametocytes (m & f) which combine to form an oocyst.

3. Contains the zygote product of sexual reproduction & usually has a thick wall that withstands environmental conditions outside the host.

Front 3

1. Plasmodium spp.
2. Sporozoites travel to the ____ where they reproduce via _______.
3. Immature merozoites then release & travel to ____, where some continue the cycle and others reproduce via _____. The gametes are picked up by mosquitoes and fuse to form an immature sporozoite.

Back 3

1. Sporozoa/coccidian blood parasites (P. falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae)

2. liver; mitosis (asexual)

3. RBC; meisosi (sexual)

Front 4

1. The initial signs of malaria resembles...

2. Before it then progresses to these symptoms.

3. Which Plasmodium strain is the most virulent? What type of malaria does it produce?
4. _____ is used for treatment, except for P. falciparum, which requires _____ because it's resistant to _____.

Back 4

1. Stomach flu (cramps, muscle aches, vomiting, headaches, nausea)

2. Sweats, chills, cyclic fever, malarial rigors (mild to violent shaking followed by exhaustion)
3. P. falciparum; cerebral malaria

4. Aminoquinolones; primaquin; chloroquin

Front 5

1. The mode of action of chloroquine
2. The side effects are:

Back 5

1. Bind the porphyrin ring of heme, preventing the parasites from getting AAs & iron.

2. Treated RBCs are toxic to liver & spleen MQs, and inhibits ability of Hb to carry O2.

Front 6

1. What is Toxoplasm gondii? What is its host?
2. After ingestion of contaminated objects (feces, meat, etc.), where does the oocyst lyse?

3. After infecting epithelium, it passes into ___ & ____ to travel preferentially to (these places).

4. Acute infection occurs when...

Back 6

1. An obligate intracellular sporozoan; cats (human infection is incidental)

2. In the gut, releasing sporozoites.

3. Blood/lymphatics; brain, eye, heart, lung, lymph nodes

4. suppression of normal immune system function occurs

Front 7

1. What are the clinical signs from a Toxoplasm gondii infection?
2. What happens due to infections in the 1st trimester?

3. In the 3rd trimester?

4. For treatment, ____ or ____ is used, which both block folate synthesis (teratogenic).

Back 7

1. Fatigue, chills, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes. Resembles mononucleosis
2. Spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, congenital malformations, CNS abnormalities.
3. Mostly brain abnormalities (epilepsy, mental retardation, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, blindness, hearing loss)

4. Pyrimethamine & sulfonamides

Front 8

1. What is Cryptosporidium (parvum), AKA "crypto"?
2. Where is it found, and how is it transmissed?
3. It is also ______, as 20% of cysts will hatch in the gut & reinfect the patient. The remaining cysts are thick-walled and passed in stool.

4. What is the definitive host?

Back 8

1. An obligate intracellular sporozoan of the intestinal tract.
2. worldwide in lots of animals (mammals, fish, reptiles, etc.); via fecal-oral route

3. Autoinfective

4. Humans, like any vertebrate. The entire life cycle (sexual & asexual) is completed in the host.

Front 9

1. Cryptosporidium sporozoites infect the gut's ____, where it buries in the ______, but it does not enter the cell's _____.

2. In healthy people, what does it cause?

3. In the immunocompromised?

4. In patients with HIV, chronic infections (<1 month) indicate what?

5. __ is an ineffective so you must boil water.

Back 9

1. Epithelium; brush border; cytoplasm.

2. Mild, self-limiting enterocolitis w/ watery diarrhea (no blood!)

3. Severe enterocolitis w/ frequent bowel movements all day/night. Watery diarrhea for months.

4. They have progressed to AIDS! :(

5. Chlorine